ITE 2004- Software Testing

Module - 4
UNIT & INTEGRATION TESTING

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 Objectives

• Validation is the next step after verification.

• Validation is performed largely by black box testing techniques.

• Types:

– Unit validation testing

– Integration Testing and its types
– System Testing
– User Acceptance Testing

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 Evolution
Unitof Software
Validation Testing Testing

 Drivers

• a test driver is supporting code and data used to provide an

environment for testing part of a system in isolation.
• A test driver may take inputs in the following form and call
the unit to be tested:
• It may hardcode the inputs as parameters of the calling unit.
• It may take the inputs from the user.
• It may read the inputs from a file.

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 Unit Validation Testing
Evolution of Software Testing
• Stubs
Stub can be defined as a piece of software that works similar to
a unit which is referenced by the Unit being tested, but it is much
simpler that the actual unit.

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 Integration Testing

• Integration testing exposes inconsistency between the modules

such as improper call or return sequences.
• Data can be lost across an interface.
• One module when combined with another module may not give the
desired result.
• Data types and their valid ranges may mismatch between the
modules.

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 Integration Testing

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 Practical Approach for Integration Testing

There is no single strategy adopted for industry practice.

For integrating the modules, one cannot rely on a single

strategy. There are situations depending upon the project
in hand which will force to integrate the modules by
combining top-down and bottom-up techniques.

This combined approach is sometimes known as Sandwich

Integration testing.

The practical approach for adopting sandwich testing is driven

by the following factors:
Priority
Availability

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 Software Testing
Decomposition based Myths
integration testing

• The integration testing effort is computed as number of test

sessions. A test session is one set of test cases for a specific
configuration. The total test sessions in decomposition based
integration is computed as:

Number of test sessions = nodes – leaves + edges

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 Incremental Integration Testing

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 Call Graph Based Integration

• A call graph is a directed graph wherein nodes are modules or

units and a directed edge from one node to another node means
one module has called another module. The call graph can be
captured in a matrix form which is known as adjacency matrix.

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 Pair-wise Integration

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 Neighborhood Integration

The total test sessions in

neighborhood integration can be
calculated as:
Neighborhoods = nodes – sink
nodes
= 20 - 10
= 10
where Sink Node is an instruction in
a module at which execution
terminates.

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 Path Based Integration

• Source Node
• Sink Node
• Module Execution Path (MEP) Message
• MM-Path
• MM-Path Graph

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 Path Based Integration

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 Function Testing

• The process of attempting to detect discrepancies between

the functional specifications of a software and its actual
behavior.
• The function test must determine if each component or
business event:
– performs in accordance to the specifications,
– responds correctly to all conditions that may be
presented by incoming events / data,
– moves data correctly from one business event to the next
(including data stores), and
– business events are initiated in the order required to meet
the business objectives of the system.

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 System Testing (Non-Functional)

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• System Testing is the process of attempting to demonstrate that a
program does not meet its original requirements and objectives, as stated
in the requirement specification.

• Design test cases by analysing the user documentation

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 Recovery Testing

• Recovery is just like the exception handling feature in a

programming language.

• Recovery is the ability of a system to restart operations after the

integrity of the application has been lost.

• It reverts to a point where the system was functioning correctly and

then reprocesses the transactions up until the point of failure
• It the activity of testing how well the software is able to recover from
crashes, hardware failure, and other similar problems
• Use checkpoints for recovery from failed states
• Switchover – standby components will take over the control

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 Compatibility/Conversion/Configuration Testing

• Operating systems: The specifications must state all the targeted

end-user operating systems on which the system being developed
will be run.

• Software/ Hardware: The product may need to operate with certain

versions of web browsers, with hardware devices such as printers,
or with other software, such as virus scanners or word processors.

• Conversion Testing
• Ranking of possible configurations: Identification of test cases:
• Updating the compatibility test cases

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 Performance Testing

The performance testing requires that performance requirements

must be clearly mentioned in SRS and system test plans.

The main thing is that these requirements must be quantified.

For example, a requirement that the system return a response to

a query in a reasonable amount is not an acceptable requirement;
the time must be specified in a quantitative way.
• Load Testing
• Stress Testing

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 Performance Testing

Load Testing
- when a system is tested with a load that causes it to allocate its
resources in maximum amount
Stress Testing
- The system is put under loads beyond the limits so that the
system breaks.
- Eg input transactions
- Disk space
- Output
- Communications
- Interaction with users

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 Usability Testing

Ease of Use

Interface steps

Response Time

Help System

Error Messages

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 Security Testing

• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Authorization
• Availability
• Non-repudiation

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 Acceptance Testing

• Acceptance Testing is the formal testing conducted to determine

whether a software system satisfies its acceptance criteria and to
enable buyer to determine whether to accept the system or not.
• Determine whether the software is fit for the user to use.
• Making users confident about product
• Determine whether a software system satisfies its acceptance
criteria.
• Enable the buyer to determine whether to accept the system.

• Alpha Testing Beta Testing

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 Acceptance Testing

• Alpha Testing
• it is the test period during which the product is complete and usable
in a test environment, but not necessarily bug-free
• It is the final chance to get verification from the customers that the
tradeoffs made in the final development are coher
• Testers and users will perform this testing

Beta Testing

-it is the period during which the product should be complete

and usable in a production environment.

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