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Social Studies

Teachers have instructional models that guide their lesson planning and approach to teaching. The document discusses three common instructional models: direct instruction, inquiry model, and cooperative learning model. Direct instruction involves teacher-centered transmission of facts with modeling, feedback and practice. The inquiry model is a student-centered approach where students form hypotheses and collect evidence to answer a question. Cooperative learning involves small groups working together toward a common goal to develop students' social and collaboration skills.

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62 views11 pages

Social Studies

Teachers have instructional models that guide their lesson planning and approach to teaching. The document discusses three common instructional models: direct instruction, inquiry model, and cooperative learning model. Direct instruction involves teacher-centered transmission of facts with modeling, feedback and practice. The inquiry model is a student-centered approach where students form hypotheses and collect evidence to answer a question. Cooperative learning involves small groups working together toward a common goal to develop students' social and collaboration skills.

Uploaded by

Nash Butuan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODELS

OF SOCIAL STUDIES
In instructional planning, teachers also make
decisions as to how best learning goals can be
achieved. They have to take into account how they
approach a given unit or lesson so that it will be easily
understood by the students. They also need to come
up with a set of activities that will ensure student
motivation and participation. By doing these things,
teachers subscribe to an instructional model in
planning.
THINK

Teachers adhere to an instructional model when they write their


unit or lesson plans. An instructional model serves as a general
framework for the process of learning It is comprised of a
variety of teaching strategies and a set of step-by-step procedures
that should be done to achieve the instructional goals.
Direct instructional models Perhaps the most commonly used
instructional model in social studies is direct instruction. Also
called expository learning or explicit teaching, it is defined as a
“highly- structured, teacher-centered strategy that capitalizes
on such behavioural techniques as modelling, feedback, and
reinforcement to promote basic skills acquisition” 2000). Direct
instruction requires teachers to convey facts and demonstrate
skills and learning, provide immediate feedback, and give
independent practices to test student learning.
One Example of direct instruction is Hunter’s Seven-Step Model. It was
developed by Madeline Hunter who believed that this model can be adopted
by any grade and subject. It can be done by following these steps:
1. Anticipatory Set. The teacher motivates the students by directing their
attention to the lesson. He/she may pose a question, show a video or picture,
or tell a story.
2. Objective and Purpose. The teacher states the purpose and objectives of
the lesson so that students will know what they will learn and why it is
useful.
3. Input The teacher presents the lesson content through
lecture, discussion reading, observing, and other possible
means
4. Modeling The teacher, an invited resource person, or a
member of the class demonstrates what all students should be
able to do.
5. Checking for Understanding. The teacher asks questions
or requests demonstrations from students to ensure that they
understood the lesson.
6. Guided Practice. Students are asked to perform
individual tasks while the teacher roams around the
classroom to ensure that they are doing it correctly.
7. Independent Practice. Once all students demonstrate
their knowledge, the teacher gives them tasks which they
should perform completely without the aid of the teacher.
Inquiry Model
Ellis (2010) defines inquiry as an investigative process based
on the examination of evidence, often using questioning,
hypothesis testing, and data gathering to arrive at an
evidence-based conclusion. Introduced by John Dewey in
the 1920s, this model is one of the most common indirect
approaches in social studies instruction and is also often
used by social scientists in the conduct of historical,
anthropological, and sociological research.
• There are many inquiry models that can be used by social studies
teachers. An example of this is from Banks (1990) who outlined the
followings steps:
1. Pose a question for inquiry. Make sure that the question can be
answered using data and evidence.
2. Encourage students to formulate hypotheses.
3. Gather and analyze data. Be involved in the data collection process to
ensure that students will draw valid and reliable conclusions.
4. Determine whether to accept or reject the hypotheses based on the
conclusion.
COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL
• Chapin (2013) defines cooperative learning as a popular instructional
approach in which small groups of students work together toward a
common learning goal. Since schools are tasked to develop not only the
cognitive capacities of students but also their social and interpersonal
skills, many teachers utilize this model in their instruction. Cooperative
learning promotes positive relationship with peers and trains students to
collaborate with people, skills that are very much needed in the real world.
It also fosters individual accountability, with teachers emphasizing that
everyone should equally contribute, and free riding should be discouraged.
IN PLANNING COOPERATIVE LEARNING,
CHAPIN (2013)

1. Objectives and tasks


2. Size of the group and the method of assigning
numbers
3. Roles
4. Room arrangement and materials.

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