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Transport Mechanism 1

The cell membrane regulates what passes in and out of cells through passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive transport relies on diffusion of small, nonpolar molecules down their concentration gradients, while active transport uses integral membrane proteins and cellular energy to move molecules against gradients. Bulk transport involves endocytosis, which transports larger particles into cells through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis, which exports materials out of cells.

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22 views21 pages

Transport Mechanism 1

The cell membrane regulates what passes in and out of cells through passive and active transport mechanisms. Passive transport relies on diffusion of small, nonpolar molecules down their concentration gradients, while active transport uses integral membrane proteins and cellular energy to move molecules against gradients. Bulk transport involves endocytosis, which transports larger particles into cells through phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis, which exports materials out of cells.

Uploaded by

Lovely Peñaredondo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell Membrane

Transport
Cell contain a semi permeable membrane,
which means it allows certain molecules to
pass through while blocking others. But what
determines the ability of a given molecule to
pass across a membrane ?
Two factors influence the ease in which
molecules pass through. These are
Size of the atom or molecule
Polarity of the atom or molecule
Very polar molecules, especially those with net
charge, will find it difficult to pass through the non
polar lipid region of the membrane.

On the other hand non polar substances can pass


through with relative ease. Very large molecules can
also find it difficult to pass through while small ones
can squeeze through the cracks.
PASSIVE DIFFUSION
Certain molecules such as water can travel through the
cell membrane down its electrochemical gradient. This
process does not require energy (ATP) nor does not require an
integral protein. Such a process is called PASSIVE DIFFUSION.
A passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable
membrane is known as OSMOSIS. In osmosis, water moves
from higher water concentration(low solute) to a low water
concentration(high solute concentration).
-hypotonic -hypertonic -isotonic
FACILITATED DIFFUSION (Passive Transport)
Certain molecules are too large and too polar through
the membrane via passive diffusion yet these molecules must
enter if the cell is to survive for an extended period of time.
Such molecules can be assisted by integral protein (transport
protein) and such mode of transport is called facilitated
diffusion.

Note: the molecules must still pass down their


electrochemical gradient and therefore require no energy
(ATP).
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
In some cases, we need more ions or
molecules against these electrochemical gradient
(i.e. neuron cells). This requires the expenditure of
energy as well as specialized integral proteins.
Bulk Transport
The movement of macromolecules such as
proteins or polysaccharides into or out of the cell.

There are two types of bulk transport,


endocytosis and exocytosis both require the
expenditure of energy (ATP).
Endocytosis
Endocytosis (endo = internal, cytosis = transport
mechanism) is a general term for the various types of
active transport that move particles into a cell by
enclosing them in a vesicle made out of plasma
membrane.
There are variations of endocytosis, but all follow the same
basic process.
1)First, the plasma membrane of the cell invaginates (folds
inward), forming a pocket around the target particle or
particles.
2) The pocket then pinches off with the help of specialized
proteins, leaving the particle trapped in a newly created
vesicle or vacuole inside the cell.
There are three types of endocytosis:
oPhagocytosis
oPinocytosis
oReceptor-mediated endocytosis.
Phagocytosis
◦ Phagocytosis (literally, “cell eating”) is a form of
endocytosis in which large particles, such as cells or
cellular debris, are transported into the cell.
◦ In this process, some type of relatively large object (i.e.
molecule or even bacteria) binds to specific protein
receptors on the surface of the cell membrane. The cell
membrane recognizes the material, protrudes outward
and engulfs the it. Once inside , the large vesicle is called a
phagosome. The phagosome eventually travels to the
lysosome, where the enzymes of the lysosome degrade
and digest the material.
Pinocytosis
In pinocytosis or “cellular drinking,” the cell
engulfs drops of fluid by pinching in and
forming vesicles that are smaller than the
phagosomes formed in phagocytosis. Like
phagocytosis, pinocytosis is a non-specific
process in which the cell takes in whatever
solutes that are dissolved in the liquid it
envelops.
Receptor-mediated
Endocytosis
This is the most specific type of endocytotic
process. Macromolecules such as sugars and
hormones bind to receptor proteins on the cell
membrane. This binding does not only signal
invagination but also the formation of a
protein coat around the vesicle. The vesicle is
known as a clathrin-coated vesicle.
EXOCYTOSIS
◦ In exocytosis, materials are exported out of the cell
via secretory vesicles. In this process, the Golgi
complex packages macromolecules into transport
vesicles that travel to and fuse with the plasma
membrane. This fusion causes the vesicle to spill its
contents out of the cell. Exocytosis is important in
expulsion of waste materials out of the cell and
in the secretion of cellular products such as
digestive enzymes or hormones.

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