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Fiber Fabrication: Presented By: Ali Ahmed Usama Presented To: Ma'Am Faiza Iftikhar

The document summarizes various techniques for fabricating optical fibers, including vapor-phase oxidation, direct melt methods, plasma activated chemical vapor deposition, double crucible method, and modified chemical vapor deposition. These fabrication methods deposit silica or other glass materials onto a rotating bait rod or inside a silica tube to build up a cylindrical preform, which is then drawn into an optical fiber. Key steps involve depositing glass particles or vapors, sintering the deposits into a solid preform, and drawing fibers from the preform. Applications of optical fibers include telecommunications, internet services, medical imaging, and fiber optic sensors.

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105 views20 pages

Fiber Fabrication: Presented By: Ali Ahmed Usama Presented To: Ma'Am Faiza Iftikhar

The document summarizes various techniques for fabricating optical fibers, including vapor-phase oxidation, direct melt methods, plasma activated chemical vapor deposition, double crucible method, and modified chemical vapor deposition. These fabrication methods deposit silica or other glass materials onto a rotating bait rod or inside a silica tube to build up a cylindrical preform, which is then drawn into an optical fiber. Key steps involve depositing glass particles or vapors, sintering the deposits into a solid preform, and drawing fibers from the preform. Applications of optical fibers include telecommunications, internet services, medical imaging, and fiber optic sensors.

Uploaded by

kashafnasir9977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fiber Fabrication

PRESENTED BY :
ALI AHMED
USAMA
PRESENTED TO:
MA’AM FAIZA IFTIKHAR
Outside Vapor —phase oxidation
-Loss less than 20dB/km
-A layer of Si02 particles called SOOT
is deposited from a burner onto a
rotating graphite.
-The glass SOOT adheres to this bait
rod and layer and layer, a cylindrical
porous glass preform is build up.
-By controlling the constituents of
the metal halide vapor stream during
the deposition process, the glass
dimensions desired for the core and
cladding can be incorporated into the
preform
Continue……..
-When the deposition process is completed the
mandral is removed and porous tube is then
virtified in a dry atmosphere at high temperature to
a clear glass preform.
- This preform is mounted in a fiber drawing tower
and made into a fiber.
FIBER FABRICATION

Two basic techniques in fabrication of all glass optical waveguides.

 Vapor-phase oxidation process


 Direct melt methods
 Direct Melt Methods
-Optical fibers are made directly from the molten state of purified components of
silica glasses.
 Vapor —phase Oxidation Process
-Highly pure vapors of metal halides react with 02 to form white powder of Si02
particles.
-The particles are then collected on the surface of a bulk glass and are sintered to
form a glass rod.
Continue……..
-Thisrod or tube is called a preform.
-Typically 10-25mm dia and 60-120cm long.
-Fibers are made from preform using the following equipment
-When the desired thickness of glass rod have been deposited,
the vapor flow is shut off and tube is heated strongly to cause it
to collapse into solid rod preform.
-The fiber is drawn from this preform rod , core consists of
vapor deposited material and cladding consists of original silica
tube.
Plasma Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition

-Philips research invented


-Similar to MCVP
-A non isothermal microwave plasma
operating at low pressure initiates the
chemical reaction.
-With the silica tube , a moving microwave
resonator operating at 2.45GHz generates a
plasma inside the tube to activate the
chemical reaction. -This process deposits
clear glass material directly on the tube wall.
-No SOOT formation , no sintering is
required.
-When desired glass thickness is deposited ,
the tube is collapsed into a preform.
Double Crucible Method:
-Silica, Chalgenide and halide
glass fibers can be made.
-Glass rods for the core and
cladding materials are first
made separately by melting
mixtures of purified powders.
These rods are used as
feedstock for each of two
concentric crucibles.
Continue……..

-The inner crucible contains the molten core glass


and outer contains cladding glass.
-The fibers are drawn from the molten state through
orifices in the bottom of the two concentric
crucibles in a continuous production process.
-Attention must be paid to avoid contaminants arise
from furnace environment and from the crucible.
Vapor-phase Axial Deposition
-Si02 particles are formed in the
same way.
-These particles emerge from
the torches they are deposited
onto the end surface of a silica
glass rod which acts as a seed.
-A porous preform is grown in
the axial direction by moving
the rod upward.
Continue……..

-The rod is also continuously rotated to


maintain cylindrical symmetry of the particle
deposition.
-As the porous preform moves upward, it is
transformed into a solid, transparent rod
preform by melting with the carbon ring heater.
Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition
-Pioneered at Bell laboratories
-Low loss graded index fibers
-The glass vapor particles , arising
from the reaction of metal halide
gases and oxygen flow through
inside of silica tube.
-As the Si02 are deposited, they
are sintered to clear glass layer
which travel back and forth along
the tube.
Continue……..
-This theory assumes that surface flaws are
narrow cracks with small radii of curvature
at their tips.
-It postulates that the stress is
concentrated at the tip of the crack which
leads to crack growth.
Stress intensity factor

-A primary protective coating is usually applied , mechanically


induced flaws can be minimized.
- Flaws also occur due to chemical and structural changes.
-Another effect is stress corrosion, occurs bec of molecular
bonds are attacked by water
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL
FIBER
Fiber strength and durability
-Optical fibers exclusively fabricated from silica or
compound of glass.
-Materials are brittle and exhibit perfect elasticity
until their breaking point is reached.
- Bulk material strength of flawless glass is quite
high and estimated for individual materials using
the relationship:
Continue……..

Bulk material strength reduced by the presence of


surface flaws within the material.
-In order to treat surface flaws in glass, the griffith
theory is normally used.
Applications
FIBER FABRICATION, ESPECIALLY IN THE CONTEXT OF
OPTICAL FIBERS, HAS NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS ACROSS
VARIOUS INDUSTRIES. HERE ARE SOME KEY APPLICATIONS:
1. TELECOMMUNICATIONS:
o Data Transmission: Optical fibers are widely used for high-speed
data transmission over long distances, enabling the backbone of the
internet and telecommunications networks.
o Telephony: Fiber optics revolutionized voice communication by
providing clearer and faster transmission compared to traditional
copper cables.
Continue……..
2. Internet Services:
o Broadband Internet: Fiber optics support
high-speed internet connections, providing
faster and more reliable internet services to
homes and businesses.
o Fiber to the Home (FTTH): Directly
connecting homes to the internet via fiber
optics enhances bandwidth and speeds for end-
users
Continue……..
3. Medical Imaging:
o Endoscopy: Flexible optical fibers are used in
medical endoscopes, allowing minimally
invasive procedures for diagnostics and
surgeries.
o Imaging Technologies: Fiber optics play a role
in various medical imaging devices, such as
endoscopic cameras and laser-based imaging
systems.
Continue……..
4. Sensors and Instrumentation:
Fiber Optic Sensors: Fiber optic sensors
are used for measuring various physical
parameters like temperature, pressure,
strain, and more. They find applications in
industries such as aerospace, oil and gas,
and environmental monitoring
y o u
a n k
T h

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