DHCP

• is a network management protocol

• dynamically assign an Internet Protocol (IP) address to any device, or node,
on a network so they can communicate using IP.
• DHCP can be implemented on small local networks as well as large
enterprise networks.
• DHCP will assign new IP addresses in each location when devices are
moved from place to place
• No manual configuration
How DHCP works

• DHCP runs at the application layer of the Transmission Control

Protocol/IP (TCP/IP) protocol
• DHCP is a client-server protocol in which servers manage a pool
• Clients configured with DHCP broadcast a request to the DHCP server
• A DHCP server manages a record of all the IP addresses it allocates to
network nodes
• Your go on your computer to connect to the Internet.
• The network requests an IP address
• On behalf of your computer's request, the DHCP server allocates IP to
your computer
• Your computer (remember—you're the DHCP client) takes the IP
address offer that comes along. It then responds with a DHCP request
message that verifies the IP address that's been offered and accepted.
• DHCP then updates the appropriate network servers with the IP
address
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

• Address Resolution Protocol is a communication protocol used for

discovering physical address associated with given network address.
• In order to send the data to destination, having IP address is
necessary but not sufficient; we also need the physical address of the
destination machine.
• ARP is used to get the physical address (MAC address) of destination
machine.
• before sending the IP packet, the MAC address of destination must be
known.
• If not so, then sender broadcasts the ARP-discovery packet requesting
the MAC address of intended destination.
• Since ARP-discovery is broadcast, every host will get this message but
the packet will be discarded by everyone except that intended
receiver
• Now, this receiver will send a unicast packet with its MAC address
(ARP-reply) to the sender of ARP-discovery packet.
• After the original sender receives the ARP-reply, it updates ARP-cache
and start sending unicast message to the destination.
2. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) –

• Reverse ARP is a networking protocol used by a client machine in a

local area network to request its Internet Protocol address
• The network administrator creates a table in gateway-router, which is
used to map the MAC address to corresponding IP address.
• When a new machine is set up, its RARP client program requests from
the RARP server on the router to be sent its IP address.
• The basic difference between ARP and RARP is that
• ARP when provided with the logical address of the receiver it obtains
the physical address of the receiver
• whereas in RARP when provided with the physical address of the
host, it obtains the logical address of the host from the server.
• RARP perform following steps to obtain an IP address from the server.
• The sender broadcast the RARP request to all the other host present
in the network.
• The RARP request packet contains the physical address of the sender.
• All the host receiving the RARP request packet process it but, the
authorized host only which can serve RARP service, responds to the
RARP request packet such host are known as RARP Server.
• The authorized RARP server replies directly to requesting host with
the RARP response packet which contains IP address for the sender.
BOOTP
• The Bootstrap Protocol is a networking protocol used by a client for
obtaining an IP address from a server.
• Bootstrap protocol was intended to allow computers to find what
they need to function properly after booting up.
• Was replaced by DHCP
• Bootstrap Protocol is used to establish a network connection during a
computer's initial boot up during the bootstrap process.
• BOOTP is a broadcast protocol
• enables diskless workstations to boot themselves over the Internet.
IP Address
• is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer
network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.[
• to whom it is assigned?
• No existence
• Unique identification
• Logical(Change)
• The numerals in an IP address are divided into 2 parts:

• The network part specifies which networks this address belongs to

• The host part further pinpoints the exact location.
• IP is a connectionless protocol that is datagram-oriented.
• Error correction is handled by upper level protocols instead. These
protocols include TCP, which is a connection-oriented protocol,
• Types of IP addresses
• The IP addresses can be classified into two. They are listed below.
• 1) Static IP addresses
• 2) Dynamic IP addresses
IPV4 and IPV6
• IPV4-32 bits
• IPV6-128 Bits
• op (Op Code), 1 byteSpecifies whether the message is a request or a
reply, usingthe following codes:
• 1 BOOTREQUEST
• 2 BOOTREPLY

htype (Hardware Type), 1 byteSpecifies the type of hardware address

used in the chaddr field
• hlen (Hardware Address Length), 1 byteSpecifies the length (in bytes)
of thehardware address found in the chaddr field
• hops, 1 byteSpecifies the number of network segments between the
client and theserver.
• xid (Transaction ID), 4 bytesContains a transaction identifier that
systems use to associate the request and response messages of a
single DHCP transaction.
• secs (Seconds), 2 bytes Specifies the number of seconds elapsed since
the IP address was assigned.
• flags, 2 bytesContains the broadcast flag as the first bit, which, when
set to a valueof 1 = specifies that DHCP servers and relay agents
should use broadcasts, not unicasts,to transmit to the client and if set
to value=0 specifies that DHCP servers and relay agents should use
unicasts,not broadcasts, to transmit to the client
• ciaddr (Client IP Address), 4 bytesSpecifies the client’s IP address
• yiaddr (Your IP Address), 4 bytesSpecifies the IP address being
offered
• siaddr (Server IP Address), 4 bytesSpecifies the IP address of server
• giaddr (Gateway IP Address), 4 bytes specifies the IP address of
gateway
• chaddr (Client Hardware Address), 16 bytesSpecifies the hardware
address of theclient system
• sname (Server Host Name), 64 bytesSpecifies the (optional) host
name ofthe DHCP server.
• file (Boot File Name), 128 bytesSpecifies the name of an executable
boot filefor diskless client workstations
• DHCPDISCOVER
• It is a DHCP message that marks the beginning of a DHCP interaction
between client and server.
• This message is sent by a client (host or device connected to a
network)
• It’s a broadcast message that uses 255.255.255.255 as destination IP
address while the source IP address is 0.0.0.0
• DHCPOFFER
• It is DHCP message that is sent in response to DHCPDISCOVER by a
DHCP server to DHCP client.
• This message contains the network configuration settings for the
client that sent the DHCPDISCOVER message
• DHCPREQUEST
• This DHCP message is sent in response to DHCPOFFER indicating that
the client has accepted the network configuration sent in DHCPOFFER
message from the server.
• DHCPACK
• This message is sent by the DHCP server in response to
DHCPREQUEST recieved from the client.
• This message marks the end of the process that started with
DHCPDISCOVER.
• The DHCPACK message is nothing but an acknowledgement by the
DHCP server that authorizes the DHCP client to start using the
network configuration it received from the DHCP server earlier.
• DHCPNAK
• This message is the exact opposite to DHCPACK described above.
• This message is sent by the DHCP server when it is not able to satisfy
the DHCPREQUEST message from the client.
• DHCPRELEASE
• This message is sent by the DHCP client in case it wants to terminate
the lease of network address it has be provided by DHCP server.
Domain Name
• distributed directory
System(DNS)
• that resolves human-readable hostnames, such
as www.dyn.com, into machine-readable IP addresses
DNS objective
• To assign the host name without having duplicate names
• Information globally available
• Not single point access which result in bottleneck
DNS elements
1.Domain-A domain contains a group of computers that can be
accessed and administered with a common set of rules.
2.It contains information about host and sub domains
3.Resolvers-Clients that request for information
Domain Naming

• Before DNS was developed the administrators used to assign the

name to computers based on the function and its location.
• DNS uses hierarchical format like directory tree,where
• Domain=directory(root)
• Subdomain=sub directories
• Named as DNS Tree
 Root

.com(state) .net .org

SD
Mycorp
(city) zacker

www
Hosts paris newyork
(street)
• IP address is uniquely assigned by using 2 tier system
1.Network identifier
2.Host Identifier
• Domain name is assigned similarly using the hostname +parent domain+
root of the DNS tree.
• It is 255 characters long
• Domain and host name can contain any symbols like:! @ # $ : / \
Top level Domain
• First word at the right represents the domain at the highest level in
DNS tree called as top level
• The are registrars for the domains at second level
• www.zacker.com
7 top level domains
• .com
• .edu
• .gov
• .int
• mil
• net
• .org
Country Code Domains
• There are 239 country code domains
• Named by ISO designation
• Such as in,pk,fr etc
Second level domains
• The registrars of top level domain are responsible for registering the
second level domain
• The top level domain maintains the information about second level
domain, for eg-owner details, billing information
• Second level domain can create many sub domains without the
permission of root registrar
• DNS server record for sub domains
subdomains
• Level next to second level domain is subdomain
• Many domains on internet stop at second level
• Many organization creates a third level domain based on the country
or city such as paris.zacker.com ,newyork.zacker.com
• It can expand based on department like sales.zacker.com
• Subdomain can be distributes based on zones
DNS Function
1.Resource records:-
• DNS servers are database servers that store information about the
host and sub domains
• To access the domain from over the network
• There are several types of resource records
1. SOA(start of authority):-A start of authority (SOA) record is information
stored in a domain name system (DNS) zone about that zone and about
other DNS records.
• The SOA record stores information about the name of the server that
supplied the data for the zone; the administrator of the zone

2.NS(Name Server):-Nameserver is a server on the internet specialized in

handling queries regarding the location of a domain name’s various
services.

3.A(Address)-name to address mapping

4.PTR:-address to name mapping
5.CNAME:-alternative name for identification
6.MX-mail exchanger:-system that directs the mail to the receiver
DNS name resolution
• Process of connecting to internet
 Q ue r y m e s s a
ge

a m e s s age with IP address

Responds

commun
ication

Client receiver
Server
DNS Request
• 2 types of queries
1.Recursive
2.iterative
Root name servers
• Root name servers are the servers at the root of the Domain Name
System (DNS) hierarchy.
• DNS includes a hierarchy of “authoritative name servers”, each level
of which contains different pieces of information.
• To translate www.netnod.se, a resolver – the name server a user
queries directly – first has to figure out where .se is, then netnod.se,
and finally www.netnod.se.
• The authoritative name servers that the resolvers use to find top level
Domains (like .se) are the root name servers.
• The root servers contain the information that makes up the root zone,
which is the global list of top level domains. The root zone contains:
• generic top level domains – such as .com, .net, and .org
• country code top level domains – two-letter codes for each country,
such as .se for Sweden or .no for Norway
Resolving a Domain name
• Step 1 - Send a Request to Resolve a Domain Name
• Step 2 - Search for an IP Locally
• Step 3 - Contact ISP and its Recursive DNS Server to Resolve a
Domain Name
• Step 4 - Ask Outside DNS Servers to Provide an IP Address:-
Root domain nameservers.
TLD nameservers.
Authoritative nameserver.
• Step 5 - Receive the IP Address
 Root
Server

Client DNS mycorpo

server server