MATHEMATICS

EDUCATION AND LEARNING PRESENTATION

PREPARED BY: EDPALIN, VANGIE

DANDAY, JESSICA C.
 SYMBOLS
= equals ≠ is not equal to > is more than

≥ is greater than or equal ≤ is less than or equal to

< is less than
to

_ is congruent to ~ is similar to | is perpendicular to

|| is parallel to ± plus or minus

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Sum is the result of addition.

Difference is the result of subtraction.
Product is the result of multiplication.
In division, dividend Quotient + Remainder
------------ = ----------------------------------
Divisor Divisor
 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
A fraction is an indicated division.
A decimal is an implied fraction a denominator of 10, 100, 1000......
A percent is a fraction with a denominator of 100.
A ratio compares two quantities by dividing one by the other.
A proportion is an equation, both sides of which are fractions.
A positive number is one that is greater than zero, a negative
number is one that is less than zero. The meaning and the use of
signed numbers are basic in the study of algebra. Positive numbers
are preceded by a plus sign (+); negative numbers, by a minus sign
(-).
 ARITHMETIC CONCEPTS

Any quantity multiplied by zero is (x. 0=0).

Any quantity except zero raised to the zero power is 1
(x = 1 if x = 0).
If x=4, then x = +2 or -2.
Any fraction multiplied by its reciprocal equals 1:(x/y)
(y/x) = 1.
ODD AND EVEN NUMBERS

even + even = even

odd + odd = even
even + odd = odd
even x even = even
even x odd = even
odd x odd = odd
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATION
Whole numbers

Number is an idea of a given quantity.

Numeral is a symbol to represent a number.
A digit is any numeral from 0 to 9 and can represent different numbers depending on its
position. This position is called the place value.
The factors of a given number are numbers which when multiplied together from the given
number.
The factors of a given number are numbers which when multiplied together from the given
number.
Example: The complete set of factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15.
 PRIME FACTORS
• are those numbers which have no other factors except one and itself.
Example: The prime factors of 36 are 2, 2, 3, 3

GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

• Is the largest common factor of two or more numbers. It is the product of all the prime factors
which they have in common.

Example: Find the G.C.F of 25 and 125

25 = 5 × 5
125 = 5 × 5 × 5, therefore the GCF is 5 × 5 = 25
ADDITION
The numbers that are to be added are called addends. The number resulting in the addition of these
numbers is called the sum of the numbers.

Example:
45
395
4396 addends
890
----------
5726 sum
.
SUBTRACTION
Minuend is the number from which another is to be subtracted. Subtrahend is the number to be subtracted. Difference is the
answer or the result in the process of subtraction.

Example:
5283. minuend
4997 subtrahend
----------
286 difference
MULTIPLICATION
Multiplicand refers to the number to be multiplied. Multiplier refers to the number of times another
number is to be multiplied. Product is the process of multiplication.

Example:
1937 multiplicand
× 86 multiplier
----------
11622
15496
----------
166582 product
.
 DIVISION
Divedend refers to the number to be divided into equal groups. Divisor refers to
the size of each group. Quotient refers to the number of groups resulting from
division.

Example:

Presentation by Margarita Perez

 MULTIPLES

The multiples of a number are those numbers that are divisible by the given
number.
Characteristics:
1. A number has an infinite number of multiples.
2. A number is always a multiple of itself.
Example: The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, . . .
Divisibility are ways of quickly determining factors without having to perform a
complete division.

DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 2

A number divisible by 2 is an even number.
Example: 300, 12, 254, 1008

DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 3

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by
3.
Example: 186585 is divisible by 3 because 1 + 8 + 6 + 5 + 8 + 5 = 33, and 33 is
divisible by 3.
DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 4
A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last 2 digits is divisible
by 4.
Example: 128 & 524 are divisible, by 4 since 28 and 24 are divisible by 4.

DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 5

If the ones digit is 0 or 5, then the number is divisible by 5.
Example: 300, 505, 2090 are divisible by 5
DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 6

A number is divisible by 6 if it is an even number and divisible by 3.

Example: 634128 is an even number. It is divisible by 3 since 6 + 3 + 4 + 1 + 2
+ 8 = 24 and 24 is divisible by 3.
DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 7
Steps:
1. Double the last digit.
2. Subtract the product in step 1 from the number without the last digit.
3. If the difference is a multiple of 7, then the number is divisible by 7.
Note: If the difference is big, repeat steps 1 to 3.
Example: Is 6853 divisible by 7?
Solution:
1. 3(2) = 6
2. 685 - 6 = 679
3. ( Repeat 1 & 2) 9(2) = 18
4. 67 - 18 = 49 is divisible by 7,
therefore 6853 is divisible by 7.
DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 8
If the last 3 digits of a number is divisible by 8, then the number is divisible by 8.
Example: Is 4912 a multiple of 8?
The last 3 digits is 912 & 912 = (114) (8). Therefore, 912 is divisible by 8 and 4912 is
divisible by 8.

DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 9

A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.
Example: 845712 is divisible by 9 because 8 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 2 + 1 = 27 and 27 is a
multiple of 9.
DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 10
If any number except 0 ends in 0, then the number is divisible by 10.
Example: 3,000, 10,000, 200, 500 are divisible by 10.

DIVISIBILITY TEST FOR 11

A number is divisible by 11 if after subtracting and adding the digits successively, the
answer is divisible by 11.
Example: Is 4972 divisible by 11?
4 - 9 + 7 - 2 = 0, 0 is divisible by 11. Therefore, 4972 is divisible by 11.
 ORDER OF OPERATIONS
Very often two or more numbers are grouped together to indicate that
they are to be considered together as a single number. To avoid confusion,
grouping symbols are used.
The grouping symbols are:
( ) parenthesis
{ } braces
[ ] brackets
- vinculum
 Rules:
1. Simplify expressions inside parentheses and other grouping symbols first.
2. Do multiplication and division next, in the order they occur, that is, from
left to right.
3. Do addition and subtraction last, in the order they occur, that is, from left to
right.
In short, you can remember this by using the mnemonic " Please Mind Dear
Aunt Sally". The first letters will remind you of " Parentheses, Multiplication
and Division, Addition and Subtraction." (PMDAS)
Example:
Simplify 16 × 2 ÷ 8 + 12 × 3 - 48 + 6 × 3 = 32
 EXPONENTS AND POWERS

An exponent is the number that indicates how many times a whole number is
used as a factor.

Presentation by Margarita Perez

 FRACTIONS

A symbol a/b, where a, b are the elements of whole nos. and b ≠ 0, is called a fraction.

The number above the bar is the numerator and the number below the bar is the
denominator. The word fraction is derived from the Latin word fraction meaning 'to break
into parts'.
KINDS OF FRACTIONS

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 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Adding and Subtracting Fractions with Similar or Like Denominators
To add or subtract fractions with similar or lije denominators, add or subtract the
numerators. Write the sum or difference over the common denominator.

Presentation by Margarita Perez

ADDING AND SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS WITH DISSIMILAR
OR UNLIKE DENOMINATORS
1. Find the Least Common Denominator (LCD).
2. Change each fraction to equivalent fraction using LCD.
3. Add or subtract the numerators and write the result over the LCD.
4. If necessary, reduce the answer to lowest terms.
 MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

Rules for Multiplying Fractions

To multiply two fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominator.
Write the product of the numerators over the product of the denominators. If necessary, reduce the
answer to lowest terms.
 RULES FOR MULTIPLYING MIXED NUMBERS
1. Change each mixed number to an improper fraction.
2. Multiply the numerators.
3. Place the result over the product of the denominators.
4. Express the answer as a mixed number or as a proper fraction reduced to
lowest terms.
RULES FOR DIVIDING FRACTIONS
 DECIMALS
A decimal fraction is a fraction whose denominator can be expressed as a power
of ten.
 OPERATIONS ON DECIMALS
To Add Decimals
1. Write the numbers to be added vertically and line up the decimal points.
2. Add all digits with the same place value, beginning with the rightmost
column.
3. Be sure to place a decimal point in the sum in the correct location.

Example: Add 6.47 + 340.8 + 73.523

 TO SUBTRACT DECIMALS
1. Write the numbers to be subtracted vertically such that the decimal points are in a
column.
2. If the number of decimal places in the subtrahend exceeds that in the minuend, insert the
necessary number of zeros to the right of the last decimal place in the minuend.
3. Subtract all digits with the same place value, beginning with the rightmost column and
regroup when necessary.
4. Write the decimal point in the difference. This should be in line with the other decimal
points.

Example: Subtract 462 - 26.528

 TO MULTIPLY DECIMALS

1. Calculate the product, in the same manner as whole numbers.

2. Put a decimal point in the appropriate location so that the number of decimal
places in the product equals the sum of the number of decimal places in all the
factors.

Example: Find the product of 43.7 and 0.00035

 TO DIVIDE DECIMALS
1. Move the decimal point in the divisor up to the necessary number of places to the
right to make it a whole number.
2. Move the decimal point in the dividend to the same number of places to the right.
3. Put a decimal point in the quotient immediately above the new decimal point in the
dividend.
4. Proceed with the technique for dividing whole numbers, take note of the location of
the decimal point in the quotient.

Example: Find the quotient of 0.02904 ÷ 0.04

 INTEGERS
The set of integers consists of the positive whole numbers,
negative whole numbers, and zero. { . . . , -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, . . .}

Examples: +45 or 45 'positive forty-five'

-57 'negative fifty-seven
0 'zero'
 THE NUMBER LINE

For any number a, the opposite of a is denoted by -a.

Examples: The opposite of 100 is -100
The opposite of -99 is 99
6 stands for a gain of P6, while
-3 stands for a loss of P3
 OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS

1. If the addends have the same signs, add the numbers disregarding the
signs. The sign of the sum will be the common sign of the addends.
Example: +138 + +200 = 338
If the addends are different signs, subtract the smaller number from the
larger number and write the sign of the number.
Example: -285 + 100 = -185
 SUBTRACTION

1. In subtracting signed numbers, change the sign of the subtrahend then

proceed to addition of integers.
-10,348
Example: - - 9,753
--------------
-595
 MULTIPLICATION

1. When two numbers of the same signs are multiplied, the product is
positive.
2. When two numbers of opposite signs are multiplied, the product is
negative.

Example: Multiply +12 by +4 = 48

Multiply -16 by 5 = -80
 DIVISION

1. In dividing numbers of the same signs, their quotient is a positive number.

2. In dividing numbers of different signs, their quotient is a negative number.
Examples: Find the quotient
a. -96/3 = -32
 COGNITIVE REASONING AND PROBLEM
SOLVING
• Finding Patterns
OBJECTIVES
• Recognize simple non-mathematical patterns
• Recognize number patterns
• Recognize patterns that will help learners gain mathematical maturity

Many discoveries in mathematics are based on patterns. A mathematician often uses

the strategy of generalizing to form a rule based on a few examples.
The process of finding patterns is not as quick or direct as following a recipe or a list
of instructions. It requires the concept of sequence.
A sequence is a set of numbers in a particular order. The numbers in a sequence are
called terms of the sequence. If we have the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 . . . The first term
is 1, the second term is 3, the third term is 5, and so on.
Example:
Given the following sequence of letters, A, C, D, F, G, I
What are the next two letters?