Basic Computer Organization

Central Processing Unit Operation

 The Fundamental of most CPU’s

 To execute a sequence of stored instruction
called a program
 To program is represented by a series of number
that are kept in some kind of computer memory
 There are four steps that nearly all CPU’s use in
their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and write
back.
Central Processing Unit Operation

A. Fetch
 Retrieving an instruction from program
memory.
 The location in program memory is
determined by a program counter.
 After an instruction is fetched, the PC
is incremented by the length of the
instruction word in term of memory
units.
Central Processing Unit Operation

B. Decode
 The instruction is broken up into parts
that have significance to other portions
of the CPU.
 The way in which the numerical
instruction value is interpreted is defined
by the CPU’s instruction set architecture
(ISA).
 Opcode, indicates which operation to
perform.
Central Processing Unit Operation

B. Decode
 The remaining parts of the number
usually provide information required
for that instruction, such as operands
for an addition operation.
 Such operands may be give as a
constant value or as place to locate a
value: a register or a memory address,
as determined by some addressing
mode.
Central Processing Unit Operation

C. Execute
 During this step, various portions of the
CPU are connected so they can
performed the desired operations.
 If, for instance, an addition operation
was requested, an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) will be connected to a set of
inputs and a set of outputs.
Central Processing Unit Operation

C. Execute
 Inputs provide the number to be added,
and the outputs will contain the final
sum.
 If the addition operation produce a result
too large for the CPU to handle, an
arithmetic overflow flag in a flags
register may also be set.
Central Processing Unit Operation

D. Write Back
 Simply “writes back” the results of the
execute step to some form of memory.
 Very often the result are written to some
internal CPU register for quick access
by subsequent instructions.
 In other cases results may be written to
slower, but cheaper and larger, main
memory.
Input Devices

 An input device is a hardware or peripheral

device used to send data to a computer.
 Allow user to communicate and feed
instructions and data to computer for
processing, display, storage and/ or
transmission.
 Enables the user to send data, information, or
control signals to a computer. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer
receives the input and process it to
produce the output.
Input Devices

A. Keyboard
 Basic input device that is used to enter data into a
computer or any other electronic device by pressing
keys.
 It has different sets of keys for letters, number,
characters, and functions.
 Keyboard are connected to a computer through USB or
a Bluetooth device for wireless communication.
Input Devices

B. Mouse
 A hand-held-input device which is used to
move cursor or pointer across the screen.
 It is designed to be used on a flat surface
and generally has left and right button and a
scroll wheel between them.
Input Devices

C. Scanner
 It scans the picture or a documents. The scanned picture
or document then converted into a digital format or file
and is displayed on the screen as an output.
 It uses optical character recognition techniques to
convert images into digital ones.
Input Devices
D. Joystick
 It is made up of a stick with a spherical base.
The base is fitted into a socket that allows
free movement of the stick. The movement of
stick controls the cursor or pointers on the
screen
 A joystick can be of different types such as
displacement joystick, finger-operated
joystick, hand operated, isometric joystick,
and more.
 In Joystick, the cursor keeps moving in the
direction of the joystick unless it is upright,
whereas, in cursor moves only when the
mouse move.
Input Devices

E. Light Pen
 The tip of the light-pen contains a light
sensitive detector that enables the user
to point to or select objects on the
display screen.
 Its light sensitive tip detects the object
location and sends the corresponding
signals to the CPU.
Input Devices

F. Digitizer
 It has a flat surface and usually comes with a
styles.
 It enables the user to draw images and
graphics using stylus as we draw on paper
with a pencil. The image or graphics drawn
in the digitizer appear on the computer
monitor or display screen.
 The software converts the touch inputs into
lines and can also convert handwritten text to
typewritten words.
Input Devices

F. Digitizer
 It can be used to capture handwritten
signature and data or image from taped
papers.
 It also used to receive information in the
form of drawings and send output to a CAS
application and software like AutoCAD.
Thus, it allows you to concert hand drawn
images into a format suitable to computer
processing.
Input Devices

G. Microphone
 It receives the sound vibrations and
converts then into audio signals to a
recording medium.
 The audio signals are converted into
digital data and stored in the
computer.
 It also enables the user to
telecommunicate with others.
 It is used to add sounds to
presentations and with webcams for
video conferencing.
Input Devices
H. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 It is designed to read the text printed with magnetics
ink.
 It is a character recognition technology that makes use
of special magnetized ink which is sensitive to
magnetic fields.
 It is widely used in banks to process the cheques and
other organizations where security is a major concern.
 The device reads the details and sends to a computer
for processing. A document printed in magnetic ink is
required to pass through a machine which magnetizes
the ink, and the magnetic information is then translated
into characters.
Input Devices

I. Optical Character Reader (OCR)

 Designed to convert the scanned
images of handwritten, typed, or
printed text into digital text.
 Widely used in offices and libraries to
convert documents and books into
electronic files.
Output Devices

An output devices is any device used

to send data from a computer to another
device or user. Most computer data output
that is meant for humans is in the form of
audio or video. Thus, most output devices
used by humans are in these categories.
Output Devices

A. Monitors
 It is commonly called as Visual
Display Unit (VDU), are the main
output device of a computer.
 It forms images from tiny dots, called
pixels that are arranged in a
rectangular form. The sharpness f the
image depends upon the number of
pixels.
output Devices

B. Speaker
 It allows to hear sound from computer.
 Computer speakers are just like stereo
speakers. There are usually two of
them and they com in various sizes.
output Devices

C. Printer
 It is used to print information on paper.

 Two types of printers:

• Impact Printers
• Non-Impact Printers
Memory or Primary Storage
Purpose of Storage
 The fundamental components of a
general-purpose computer are arithmetic
and logic unit, control circuity, storage
space, and input/output devices. If
storage was removed, the device we had
would be a simple calculator instead of a
computer.
 The ability to store instructions that form
a computer program, and the information
that the instructions manipulate is what
makes stored programs architecture
computers versatile.
Memory or Primary Storage

Primary Storage
 It is directly connected to the central
processing unit of the computer. It
must be present for the CPU to
function correctly, just as in a
biological analogy the lungs must be
present for the heart to function.
Memory or Primary Storage

Processors Register
 It is the internal to the central
processing unit. Registers contain
information that the arithmetic and
logic unit needs to carry out the current
instruction. They are technically the
fastest of all forms of computer
storage.
Memory or Primary Storage

Main Memory
 It contains the programs that are
currently being run and the data the
programs are operating on. The
arithmetic and logic unit can very
quickly transfer information between a
processor register and locations in
main storage, also known as a
“memory address”.
Memory or Primary Storage

Cache Memory
 It is a special type of internal memory
used by many central processing units
to increase their performance or
“throughout”. Some of the information
in the main memory is duplicated in
the cache memory, which is slightly
slower but of much greater capacity
than the processor registers, and faster
but much smaller than main memory.
Memory or Primary Storage

Memory
 It is often used as a shorter synonym
for Random Access Memory (RAM).
 This kind of memory is located on one
or more microchips that are physically
close to the microprocessors in your
computer.
 Most desktop and notebook computers
sold today include at least 512
megabytes of RAM.