An introduction to

Project
Management

Group-A
Anamika Dutta, Anwesha Pradhan, Arnab Mondal, Sudipta Biswas
What is a project
A project is a series of activities aimed at bringing about
clearly specified objectives within a defined time-period
and with a defined budget.
(Project Management Institute, 2008 )

Clearly defined 2
Clearly identified
coordination, management
stakeholders
and financing arrangements

An appropriate level of
A monitoring and evaluation
financial and economic
system
analysis
A portfolio is a group of different programs and/or projects
within the same organization, which may be related or
unrelated to one another

A program is a group of projects that are similar or related to

one another, and which are often managed and coordinated as a 3
group instead of independently

A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken by a company or

organization (such as the creation of a new product, service, or
result)
Project Cycle Identification
and Design
According to project
management for
development professionals End of Project
Set Up
a project cycle has 6 stages. Transition

4
1. Identification and Design
2. Set Up
3. Planning
4. Implementation Monitoring,
5. Monitoring, Evaluation Evaluation Planning
6. End of Project Transition

Implementation
Project Phases
Project Identification and Design
 Define needs
 Explore opportunities
 Analyze the project environment
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 Cultivate relationships
 Build trust
 Develop partnerships
 Design alternatives for project design
Initial Review Situation Analysis

Socio-economic
Identification of
and Gender
Potential Projects
Analysis
Initial Review/prefeasibility study
A well-planned rural project requires pre-feasibility study to explore the
opportunities, find-out problems, avenues of coordination etc.

 To determine whether the project offers a promising investment opportunity.

 To determine whether the project will be able to reap social benefits.
 To determine whether any aspects of the project are critical requiring in-depth
investigation by way of survey, study, PRA or any other methods. 8
 To study the projects of other line agencies; viz. Government, NGOs; about the
activities,operational areas, modus operandi of project management.
 To study the requirement and availability of manpower, resources and project
cost.
Situational Analysis
The situational analysis provides a detailed review of the context in
which stakeholders operate. The analysis is conducted at two
levels:

 The development context provides an overview of how a

community operates, in terms of resource base, social and 9

institutional structures, and changes over time

 livelihoods analysis provides a more detailed examination of
how members of the community make their living, with regard
to their use of resources, use of time, and generation of benefits.
Need identification
Bradshaw taxonomy of social needs

Normative Comparative
needs needs
Expressed needs
10

Expressed
Felt need
needs
Identification of Potential Projects

Review of findings
Many appraisal tools are
available
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Project themes emerged; but which
one to undertake

Priorities depend on
Stakeholder contribution
Tools for Data Collection
Secondary Data Primary Quantitative Primary Qualitative Data
Data
• Literature review • Knowledge, practice and • Brainstorming
• Records review coverage surveys • Affinity diagrams
• Existing statistics • Household surveys • Focus groups
• Indices • Standardized tests and • Historical narratives
• Government surveys • Standardized • Timelines
documents observation • Visioning
• Other NGOs’ instruments • Locality mapping
Documents • Anthropometric • Semi-­structured
measurements interviews
• Key informant interviews
• Ranking exercises
Project identification
Project identification is a process in the initiating phase of project life cycle for
identifying a need, problem, or opportunity.
Stakeholders' priorities for development Ask following questions -
 What are the causes of the problem?
 What are the effects of the problem?
 What opportunities exist to overcome the problem?
 what are the assumption associated with to addressing the problem.

Stakeholder analysis

Primary Secondary
Stakeholder Stakeholder
Project design
Project design is an early phase of the project where a project's key
features, structure, criteria for success, and major deliverables are all
planned out.
The steps of project design :-
 Define project goals
 determine outcomes
 Identify risks and constraints
 Refine your strategy
 Estimate your budget
 Create a contingency plan
 Document your milestones
The central problem

To identify and analysis the problem

Brain storming

In depth study of the problem

a. Cause exploration
b. Cause effect Prioritization Categorization

Ranking, scoring,
Tail method
Problem tree
 Problem Tree Analysis is a visual way of exploring the
causes and effects of a particular situation or problem.
 The template is for organizing causes and effects using the
tree as a visual metaphor

 Agree on the main

problem
 Identify the cause
 Identify the effect
Objective tree
An objective Tree is a Problem Tree that is transformed into a set of
future solutions to the problems.
issues to be considered
 Cost
 Benefits to the primary
 Stakeholders
 Likelihood of achieving
 the objectives
 Risks
 Sustainability
 Environmental impact