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Week 1-1. Sample Space and Events

The document defines key probability concepts including experiments, sample spaces, events, and set operations. An experiment is a process with possible outcomes that may or may not be deterministic. The sample space contains all possible outcomes, while an event defines a subset of outcomes of interest. Sets can represent events and sample spaces, and set operations like union and intersection are used to combine events.

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23 views7 pages

Week 1-1. Sample Space and Events

The document defines key probability concepts including experiments, sample spaces, events, and set operations. An experiment is a process with possible outcomes that may or may not be deterministic. The sample space contains all possible outcomes, while an event defines a subset of outcomes of interest. Sets can represent events and sample spaces, and set operations like union and intersection are used to combine events.

Uploaded by

laiwenyi82
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability basics

Experiments
• An experiment: refers to the process where we obtain data from
• It is a process in which (1) you have control over the factors that
might influence the outcome, (2) the outcome is not deterministic (3)
we can specify all probable outcomes in advance
- E.g., (1) rolling a fair dice; (2) observing the height of a randomly
selected NBS student; (3) invest in a blue-chip stock and observe the
return after a year
• Compared with (3), can time deposit be considered a proper
experiment?
Sample space
• Sample Space: The collection of all probable outcomes of an
experiment
- E.g., (1) {1,2,3,4,5,6} (2) [120cm,200cm]
- The # of outcomes in a sample space can be finite or infinite
Event in a sample space
Experiment I Experiment II

𝑆={1 , 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } 𝑆=[120 𝑐𝑚 ,200 𝑐𝑚]


“Dice shows a even number” “Hight more than 160 cm”

An event: a collection of some of the outcomes in a sample space


2
• The event “{2}” has occurred
MEANS
• The event “even number” has occurred

• The event “{1,2,…,6}” has occurred

Event is a flexible notation to describe the outcomes of interests…and you


can define many events in an experiment
Notation for sets
• A set is a collection of its members
- We can use the “{ }” to depict a countable set, for example
S={1,2,3,4,5,6}, and “[]” to represent a closed interval
-We use the notation “” to represent the set membership. E.g., we
write 1 S to mean that 1 is an element of the set S
-We use the notation “” to mean that A is a subset of B. E.g, by the
definition of an event, every event is a subset of its sample space
Set operations
• Union () of two sets, is a set consisting of all members from the
original two sets (the “OR” relationship)
A={1,2} and B={2,3}. Then A B = { }
A=[1,2] and B=[2,3]. Then A B = [ ]
• Intersection () of two sets, is a set consisting of the common
members of the original two sets (the “AND” relationship)
-A={1,2} and B={2,3}. Then A B = { }
-A=[1,2] and B=[2,3]. Then A B = { }
-A={1,2} and B={3}. Then A B =

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