Discipline – Civil Engineering

Rural And
Structural Bridge Hydraulic
Urban Planning

Environmental Transportation Material Surveying

Water Construction
Geotechnical
Resources Management

01/23/2024 1
 BRANCHES & SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

01/23/2024 2
BRANCHES & SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
• Civil engineering may be divided into the following
fields:
• Surveying & leveling
• Building, Planning and construction
• Advanced Construction
• Structural Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Water Resources Engineering
• Transportation Engineering
• Environmental Engineering
01/23/2024
• Town Planning 3
 SURVEYING & LEVELLING

01/23/2024 4
 SURVEYING & LEVELLING
• Surveying includes measurements of distances and
angles in horizontal & vertical planes, while
leveling is the measurement of heights in vertical
plane. Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the
instruments used for surveying.
• Surveying fixes the relative positions of different
points on the basis of surface of earth. It also
includes measurements of areas and volumes. Basic
aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area
to some scale.
01/23/2024 5
 SURVEYING & LEVELLING
• Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of
road, railway canal. It is also useful in selecting
the site for the construction of structures.
Modern surveying instruments like Electronic
total station and Geographical Positioning
System(GPS) are the modern electronic digital
instruments for survey works.
• Remote sensing and Geographical Information
system(GIS) are adopted for surveying and
planning of many civil engineering projects.
01/23/2024 6
BUILDING PLANNING & CONSTRUCTION

01/23/2024 7
BUILDING PLANNING & CONSTRUCTION
• Civil engineers are concerned with many
types of structures of which buildings are
of prime importance. Buildings are planned
according to the fundamental principles of
planning & bylaws of local municipal
bodies.
• Building planning requires basic knowledge of
principles of architecture. Buildings may be
residential or public building like school,
colleges, government office, Hospitals, etc.
They
01/23/2024
are designed according to need of 8
 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION

01/23/2024 9
 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION
• Construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, ports,
requires several advanced construction
techniques of construction. Under water
construction requires specific type of
equipment.
• Pile foundations or well foundations are
generally provided for foundation of bridges
across rivers in alluvial soil.
• Large scale earthworks in excavation requires
equipment's like power shovel, dragline,
bulldozers, etc.
01/23/2024 10
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

01/23/2024 11
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
• Deals with structural analysis and design of
structures.
• Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses
in structural components, on the basis of
loads, acting on structures.
• Sections of structural elements like beams,
columns, slabs, etc. are designed.
• Structural analysis requires much calculation,
hence advanced computing software‘s are used
to carry out structural analysis and design.
01/23/2024 12
 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

01/23/2024 13
 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
• Deals with soil investigation and design of proper
foundations of structures.
• Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil
samples.
• Includes measurement of soil Parameters and safe
bearing capacity.
• Includes construction and design of simple foundations,
pile foundations, well foundations, caissons, coffer
dams, construction of foundation of dams, construction
of tunnels, sub base of road, earthen dams, earth
related constructions.

01/23/2024 14
 WATER RESOURCES ENGIEERING

01/23/2024 15
 WATER RESOURCES ENGIEERING
• Water resource engineering means
measurements, utilization and development
of water resources for agriculture,
municipal and power generation purpose.
• Mainly includes irrigation engineering, design
of hydraulic structures like dams, canals etc.
• Water resource engineering deals with
planning designing and developing water
resources by constructing several hydraulic
structures like dams, barrages, hydropower
stations, canal and pipe networks etc.
01/23/2024 16
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

01/23/2024 17
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
• Transportation means movement of
Passengers and goods by means of
vehicles on land, ship on water and
aircrafts in air.
• Deals with planning, designing and
construction of roads, bridges,
railways, tunnels, harbors, ports, docks,
runways and airports.
01/23/2024 18
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

01/23/2024 19
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
• Deals with pollution control and public health
engineering.
• Different types of pollutions are water, air,
noise and other pollution.
• Includes design, construction and
maintenance of water treatment plant, waste
water treatment plant, water distribution
network and sewerage system, also deals with
solid waste management in towns and
cities.
01/23/2024 20
 TOWN PLANNING

01/23/2024 21
 TOWN PLANNING
• Town planning means planned & controlled
growth of town by dividing town in to different
land use zones and regulating building
construction to provide better environment for
the people of the town.
• In the town planning areas of town are
divided into residential, commercial, recreational
and industrial zones, which is called zoning.
• Floor space index, and other byelaws are fixed to
guide and regulate the building construction.
01/23/2024 22
 FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL ENGINEER

Civil engineering functions performed

can broadly be classified in three
categories.
• Before construction
• During construction
• After Construction
01/23/2024 23
 BEFORE CONSTRUCTION
• Feasibility study
• Surveying
• Site investigation
• Planning
• Design and drawing
• Estimating
• Planning & Scheduling

01/23/2024 24
 DURING CONSTRUCTION
• Dealing with clients, Consulting engineer
and contractors
• Execution and supervision
• Quality control
• Costing

01/23/2024 25
 AFTER CONSTRUCTION
• Maintenance and repairs
• Valuation
• After the construction regular maintenance of
structures is to be carried out.
• Valuation is carried out for the purpose of
sale, purchase and many others purposes.

01/23/2024 26
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• Surveying, planning, designing, estimation &
execution of structures like buildings, roads,
bridges, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals,
water & waste water treatment plants, water
distribution network and sewerage system
• To use scientific and engg. Principles of
artistic, optimum, economical and technical
solutions of diff. engg. Problems

01/23/2024 27
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• To solve different engg. Problems with help of
field experience, lab. Techniques, numerical
methods, mathematical models, using comp.
& IT
• To implement mgt. techniques for better mgt.
of man, mat., m/c & money
• To carry out planning of execution of work by
various sheduling techniques like bar chart &
CPM.
01/23/2024 28
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• To solve mgt. problems using operation
research techniques
• To carry out sur. & leveling with survey
instruments for setting out of works &
preparing map/contour map of site
• To fix boundaries of plots & to cal. Area & vol.
• To fix alignments of rd.s, railways, canals,
tunnels, pipes etc.

01/23/2024 29
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• To carry out soil investigations for design of
foundations of structures
• To carry out planning of bldg. as per its
functional needs, as suggested by client or
user, bldg. may be resi., public/ind.
• He has to plan bldg.s according to byelaws of
local authorities & get approval from them like
municipalities

01/23/2024 30
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• Civil engineer has also role in town & regional
planning
• To carry out design of structures as per
principles of SA & design
• He should also ensure that design is safe,
durable & economic
• To carry out qty. sur. & to prepare estimate to
know probable cost of completion of work

01/23/2024 31
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• To invite tenders & to select contractor for
work
• To supervise work during execution & to ensure
progress of work
• At end of work he has to give completion cert.
& to handover work to user/owner
• To carry out valuation of land/bldg. for purpose
of finding its sale/purchase price/taxation

01/23/2024 32
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• Mainly concerned with structures of public
utility like transportation, irri., & PHE.
• He has to maintain public health by providing
pure water for drinking, treating waste water
before disposing in to water course & to
collect solid waste of town & disposing it. Thus
he helps in protecting env.
• To work for general welfare of people like
transportation & water resources project
01/23/2024 33
 ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
• To provide basic infrastr. Of structures for projects
of many other engg. Disciplines, like to design m/c
foundations & to provide steel frame structure &
sheds for industries for mech. Engg. Pro.
• To construct tunnels for hydropower stations, to
construct cooling tower for thermal power stations
& to erect transmission tower for electrical lines for
electrical engg.
• To erect steel towers for communication for EC &
telecommunication engg. projects
01/23/2024 34
 Infrastructure

• Infrastructure is the backbone of nation’s

progress.
• It is a main engine of economic progress.
• For economic and industrial development of a
nation, Infrastructure development is a basis
and prime need.
• During 11th five year plan estimated investment
requirement is near to Rs. 14,50,000 crore.

01/23/2024 35
 Infrastructure facilities

The Infrastructure sector covers a wide range of services

such as
i. Transportation, which include roads, railways,
airports, shipping.
ii. Water resources projects.
iii. Power generation, transmission and distribution.
iv. Telecommunication
v. Postal facilities.
vi. Banking.
vii. Science and technology.
01/23/2024 36
Transportation.

01/23/2024 37
 Water resources project.

01/23/2024 38
 Power generation.

01/23/2024 39
 Telecommunication.

01/23/2024 40
 Science and technology.

01/23/2024 41
 Impact of Infrastructure on economic of country.

• The Infrastructure facilities create environment in

which industries and business can grow.
• Due to basic facilities which any industry needs are
provided by Infrastructure hence industrial growth is
accelerated.
• In India, in industries there is more than 3.3 crores
people working in industries.
• With increase growth of industries, the growth of
people increase.
• Contribution of construction industries is about 6.5% of
GDP.
01/23/2024 42
 Per capita income and GDP.

Per capita income:

per capita income is the average income of normal resident of
a country in a particular year. it is obtained by dividing national
income of a country by its population.

Gross domestic product (GDP):

gross domestic product at market prices is the value of all fixed
goods and services at prices prevailing in the market produced
in the domestic territory of a country during a given year.

01/23/2024 43