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Genes and Inheritance

The document discusses chromosomes, genes, and inheritance. It explains that chromosomes are found in cell nuclei and are made of DNA. Each chromosome contains many genes that determine traits. During reproduction, sperm and egg cells contain half the normal number of chromosomes, and when they join during fertilization, the new cell has a full number from each parent. This determines whether the offspring is male or female based on the sex chromosomes. Inheritance is the passing of DNA from parents to offspring.

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109 views57 pages

Genes and Inheritance

The document discusses chromosomes, genes, and inheritance. It explains that chromosomes are found in cell nuclei and are made of DNA. Each chromosome contains many genes that determine traits. During reproduction, sperm and egg cells contain half the normal number of chromosomes, and when they join during fertilization, the new cell has a full number from each parent. This determines whether the offspring is male or female based on the sex chromosomes. Inheritance is the passing of DNA from parents to offspring.

Uploaded by

esty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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GENES AND

INHERITANCE

BIOLOGY CHECKPOINT 2
Kalam Kudus Christian School International Program
A.Y. 2023 / 2024
Chromosomes, genes and DNA
Chromosomes, genes and DNA
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

The nucleus of a cell contains a number of long threads called


chromosomes.
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Chromosomes are too thin to be seen except with an electron


microscope. They only become visible with a light microscope when a
cell is dividing.
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Chromosomes
under a light
microscope
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Chromosomes
under a scanning
electron microscope
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Human hromosomes
(male) under a
scanning electron
microscope
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Different species of organism have different numbers of


chromosomes.

Human cells have


46 chromosomes
(23 pairs)
Chromosomes,
genes and
DNA
Chromosomes,
genes and
DNA
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Fruit fly (Drosophila) cells have


8 chromosomes
(4 pairs)
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Papaya tree cells have


18 chromosomes
(9 pairs)
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Chromosomes are
numbered according to
how long the
chromosomes are.

The longest
chromosome is
chromosome 1, the next
longest is chromosome 2,
and so on.
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Each chromosome is made up of hundreds of different genes. The


genes are arranged in a particular sequence along the chromosome.
Different genes determine different traits or characteristics.
Chromosomes, genes and DNA
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Two genes on chromosome 15 determine eye colour. Everyone has genes for eye
colour in the same place on their chromosome 15.
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

There are different versions of the genes.


So one person could have a chromosome 15 with eye colour genes that give them blue eyes, and
another could have a chromosome 15 with eye colour genes that give them brown eyes.
Chromosomes,
genes and DNA
Chromosomes,
genes and DNA
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

Chromosomes are made of a chemical substance called DNA (Deoxyribonucleic


Acid). This means that genes are also made of DNA.

DNA molecule has a shape like twisted

ladder  DOUBLE HELIX.


The DNA in a cell determines what the cell does.
It contains a complete set of instructions to make
a functioning cell, and a whole organism.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA molecule is made of two long strands, each


with
.
a series of bases arranged along it.
Chromosomes, genes and DNA
Chromosomes, genes and DNA
Chromosomes, genes and DNA

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Chromosomes, genes and DNA

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To detect the DNA sequences, we need a PCR-machine
(thermocycler).
Gametes and inheritance
Gametes and inheritance

Every human being began a


life as a single cell.

a sperm cell an egg cell


a male gamete a female gamete

Sperm cells and egg cells are specialised cells known


as gametes.
Gametes and inheritance
Gametes and inheritance

diagram of a human sperm cell


diagram of a human egg cell
1
Gametes and inheritance

Human cells each have 46 chromosomes. They have two sets, each set containing
23 chromosomes.

Gametes have only one set of chromosomes.


When a sperm cell joins with an egg cell, the new cell that is produced has two sets (46
chromosomes).

The joining of a sperm cell with an egg cell is


called fertilisation.

The new cell that is formed when the nucleus


of a sperm cell an the egg cell join together is
called a zygote.
Gametes and inheritance
Boy or girl?
All of the chromosomes in the cells of a human
body come from the person’s mother and father:
- One set from the mother
- One set from the father

The chromosomes which determine whether a person is male or female are called

sex chromosomes.

X chromosome Y chromosome
Gametes and inheritance

Boy or girl?

A person with two X A person with one X


chromosomes (XX) is female chromosome and Y
chromosome (XY) is male
Inheritance means passing
on DNA (as chromosomes
containing genes) from parents
to offspring.
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