Agriculture and Food

Management
INTRODUCTI
ON
Agricultural holdings are getting
fragmented and water resources are Rationalisation of food
Greater emphasis should be given subsidy and greater use of
becoming scarce. Adoption of a to allied sectors with a major
resource-efficient, technology based technology in
focus on dairy, poultry, fisheries management food
climate-smart agriculture can and rearing of small ruminants
enhance agricultural productivity food will ensure
and sustainability security

With decline in the size of landholdings in

For a safe and secure future, the agriculture agriculture, India has to focus on
landscape has to undergo the shift from resource efficiency in smallholder farming
‘green revolution’ led productivity to ‘green to meet the Sustainable Development
methods’ led sustainability in agriculture Goals (SDG) targets and also to attain
sustainability in agriculture
OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURE AND
ALLIED SECTOR

Cyclical movement in agriculture sector is

witnessed relating to its growth

Gross Value added (GVA) in agriculture

improved from a negative 0.2 per cent in
2014-15 to 6.3 per cent in 2016-17 and then
again fallen to 2.9 per cent in 2018-19

The fisheries sector has shown a rapid

growth from 4.9 per cent in 2012-13 to
11.9 per cent in 2017-18
 Contd
.
The fertilizer response ratio is showing a declining
Cost and use efficiency of trend which is an indicator of declining responsiveness
fertilizers are important of soil fertility to fertilizer application. The declining Farmers have to be taught
determinants of fertilizer response ratio in Indian agriculture is due to about the quality, dosage,
inadequacy and imbalance in fertilizer use, lack of time and method of
profitability in farming for
farmers awareness about balanced plant nutrition and application of fertilizers
small and marginal farmers
poor crop management

Another effective measure would be promoting If farmer’s access to markets are improved
various models of organic and natural farming like through better connectivity to nearby mandis, it
Cow Farming, Vedic Farming, Homa Farming, etc. Aim will help farmers fetch better prices for their
is to eliminate chemical pesticides and promote agricultural produce
agronomic practices
ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
SERVICES
Agricultural extension is essential to enhance food
security, improve rural livelihood and improve
farming practices

Technical advices were extended through various

media to farmers who found them to be very
beneficial which reflects the significance of
extension services in agriculture

There has been an increasing trend in the

expenditure on agricultural research and education
as a percentage of total agricultural GVA, except in
2017-18 where a downtrend could be witnessed
ALLIED SECTORS: ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY, DAIRYING AND
FISHERIES

India ranks first in the milk

India supports 16.1 per cent of the world’s production, accounting for 20
goat population and 6.4 per cent of its productionper
with a constant increase
cent of about
sheep 4.5 per cent
of annuallyworld

There is inter-state variability in milk production. While the

All India per capita availability of milk is 375 grams per day, it
varies between 71 grams per day in Assam to 1120 grams per
day in Punjab
Valuation of Agroecology and
Ecosystem Services
 1.89

1.66
236
1.5

135
10.1
0.74

0.5 87

6.55
20
3.75

1900 1950 2000 2020 2050

CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems
Key challenges of global agriculture

Climate change
Declining natural resources
Climatic variability is a major threat
Agricultural intensification has
to the sustainable intensification.
occupied and consumed the best
There are likely to be significant
land and water resources, globally.
losses in production due to climate
However, only marginal land in
changes. Massive investment
remote areas, with poor soil and
would be required to adapt or
water quality are available for
mitigate these impacts.
further intensification.

Consumption patterns Market volatility

Food consumption patterns are Global markets influence local
changing drastically in emerging and regional markets and are
economies. As more people move more volatile than ever before. As
to protein rich diets, the demand current agriculture depends on
for animal feed may result in market driven inputs, the increase
reduction in food grown for human in prices squeezes profits out of
population. farming.

Socio-economic and environment factors

 What are the solutions?

It is vital to integrate ecosystem services into

agriculture through agroecological
techniques to enhance farm productivity and
achieve food and ecological security.
 Provisioning services
These include food and services
for human consumption, ranging
from food, fibre, fire wood,
livestock, raw materials, genetic
resources, ornamental resources
Ecosystem and medicinal resources.

services are the Regulating services

These include ecological
benefits provided processes such as gas regulation,
climate regulation, disturbance
regulation, water regulation,
by modified and water supply, erosion control and
sediment retention.

natural
ecosystems to Cultural services
Agriculture provides cultural
services such as aesthetics,
human beings recreation through conserving
field-boundary vegetation or by
planting native trees.

Supporting services
Supporting ecosystem services
are pollination, biological control,
carbon accumulation,
mineralization of plant nutrients,
soil formation, nitrogen fixation.
Ecosystem Services Valuation at Global Scale
• Two ecosystem services
– Nitrogen mineralisation (Avoided cost of N fertiliser)

– Biological control of pests (Avoided cost of pesticides)

• Data from 110 countries, temperate regions, 4 crops, inputs

(fertilisers and pesticides) and outputs data.
• Estimate ES values at each of the 110 countries
• Provide global estimates of ES values
 Global value of ecosystem services in agriculture

Total value of pesticides Total value based Total value based on two
and fertilisers in PBBW area on two ES in PBBW ES in 10% of PBBW area
area
(US Million/yr) (US Million/yr)
(US Million/yr)
1 Eastern Africa 0.34 0.86 0.38
2 Northern Africa 665.94 836.11 682.95
3 Southern Africa 28.95 115.79 37.63
4 South America 381.5 1165.7 459.91
5 Northern America 2872.48 5139.62 3099.18
6 Central Asia 154.12 1323.83 271.09
7 Eastern Asia 5347.63 6225.82 5435.44
8 Southern Asia 1347.25 2615.02 1474.02
9 South-eastern Asia 0.02 3.13 0.32
10 Western Asia 1994.66 2026.55 1997.93
11 Eastern Europe 1720.86 6487.52 2197.52
12 Northern Europe 1192.59 2191.44 1292.47
13 Southern Europe 1180.40 1731.23 1235.47
14 Western Europe 2871.81 4286.48 3013.27
15 Australia and New Zealand 360.59 531.89 377.71

Total 20119.14 34680.99 21575.32

Ecological intensification for food and ecological Security for Human
Wellbeing

Geographic
indicators

Technical Social
indicators indicators
Well-being
Food security (ODAGS)

OAGS

LAGS: Low input agricultural system, CAGS: Conventional agricultural system, OAGS: Organic agricultural system,
ODAGS: Optimally diversified agricultural system
Way forward

• Trade-offs in intensive agriculture are real

• Agroecology based on ecosystem services can ensure food and ecological
security.
• Livelihood of farmers and farming families
• Capacity development in regional/national planning
• Greater participation of agribusiness
• There is need to increase investment in agroecology
• Global policy support is required to develop agroecology for future agriculture
and conservation of natural resources.
Emerging need for Agribusiness research from
a global perspective
 Covid-19
Changes

• All Business is Internet First

• Supply Chains Broke
• Consumers are changing diets: Less fat, diary, meat
• Highlighted: Over weight, Obesity
• Buy Local
• Direct from farmer, farm shop
• Fast Food Delivery grows
• In the UK 7.5 billion food deliveries were made last
year (125 per person per year)
• Supermarket
• Weekly Shop / Not daily visit
• Online purchase & Delivery (Doubled)
Trends
Blockchain can track
the progression of
assets, record the
information, and show
previous asset records.
Smart contracts are
used to enforce the
asset tracking
processes on the
Ethereum blockchain.
Anyone can view the
provenance and
journey of an asset in
real-time, whether the
asset is physical or
digital.
Headlines from around the world

• Free vs Tariff Trade

• U.S.-China Relations Remain Tenuous
• Immigration Controls
• Europe and Brexit
• Volatility in the Middle East
• Unrest in Latin America
• Global Food Security
Trade Routes are changing

• Emerging economies are now the

growth markets: BRIC, N11
• New Business Models
• New Trade Zones
 UK Food Imports -
2018
Country Import (US$ Thousand)

1 France 4,210,785.20

2 Netherlands 3,727,706.86

3 Germany 3,721,362.89

4 Ireland 2,928,160.70

Region Percentage supplied to the 5 Italy 2,759,408.78

UK 6 Belgium 2,269,271.42
UK 50%
7 Poland 1,666,205.99

EU 30% 8 Spain 1,640,174.26

Africa 4% 9 United States 1,177,547.73

North America 4% 10 Thailand 894,990.54

South America 4% 11 Denmark 867,912.66

Asia 4%
12 Argentina 707,191.62

13 China 406,746.52
Rest of Europe 2%
14 Australia 362,893.08
Australasia 1%
15 Brazil 355,836.48

16 New Zealand 334,460.66

17 Chile 270,628.71

18 Austria 266,455.31

19 Sweden 264,230.49

20 Portugal 247,929.05

21 Turkey 237,245.11

22 Cote d'Ivoire 237,122.38

23 Canada 225,419.11

24 South Africa 223,203.40

25 Mexico 219,643.41

26 Hungary 218,888.08

27 Greece 196,655.03

28 India 176,826.85
Trade and Consumption are linked
Consumption
 Consumption Trends – Micro
• Clean Label shift / Wellness ingredients
• Natural, Ethical, Enhanced, Less of, Dietary
• 70% of respondents always, frequently or occasionally
purchased foods
• Superfood Ingredients
• CBD oil and tea
• Get your probiotics fix from fermented foods
• Going vegan or vegetarian
• Currently 12% of the UK population
• Veganuary 2020 had 400,000 people sign up ~1% of the
population
• Close to a third (32%) said that the main benefit of eating less
meat is that it “helps to improve health”.
• Going Plastic Free
 2017 exports £billion imports £billion
Fruit and veg 1.2 11.1
Meat 1.8 6.7
Beverages 7.4 5.7
Cereals 2.1 3.9
Dairy & eggs 1.8 3.2
Fish 1.9 3.2
Misc 2.0 3.2
Coffee, tea, cocoa etc. 1.5 3.8
Animal feed 1.4 2.2
Oils 0.6 2.1
Sugar 0.4 1.3
Carbon Footprint
Ecosystem service
Ecosystem services are defined as the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human
well-being, and have an impact on our survival and quality of life.

Four types of ecosystem services

(1) Provisioning
(2) Regulating/ Maintaining
(3) Cultural and
(4) Supporting services