Module 11: Transport Layer

Services

Instructor Materials
Networking Essentials (NETESS v2.0)
Instructor Materials – Module 11 Planning Guide

This PowerPoint deck is divided in two parts:

• Instructor Planning Guide

• Information to help you become familiar with the module
• Teaching aids

• Instructor Class Presentation

• Optional slides that you can use in the classroom
• Begins on slide # 9

Note: Remove the Planning Guide from this presentation before sharing with anyone.

For additional help and resources go to the Instructor Home Page and Course Resources for this
course. You also can visit the professional development site on netacad.com, the official Cisco
Networking Academy Facebook page, or Instructor Only FB group.

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What to Expect in this Module

To facilitate learning, the following features within the GUI may be included in this module:
Feature Description

Animations Expose learners to new skills and concepts.

Videos Expose learners to new skills and concepts.

Check Your Understanding (CYU) Per topic online quiz to help learners gauge
content understanding.
Labs Labs designed for working with physical
equipment.
Packet Tracers Simulation and modeling activities designed to
explore, acquire, reinforce, and expand skills.
Module Quizzes Self-assessments that integrate concepts and
skills learned throughout the series of topics
presented in the module.
Module Summary Briefly recaps module content.

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Check Your Understanding

• Check Your Understanding activities are designed to let students quickly determine if they
understand the content and can proceed, or if they need to review.

• Check Your Understanding activities do not affect student grades.

• There are no separate slides for these activities in the PPT. They are listed in the notes area
of the slide that appears before these activities.

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Module 11: Activities

Page # Activity Type Activity Name Optional?

11.1.2 Video Web Traffic in Packet Tracer recommended

11.1.3 Animation Client Requests a Web Page required

11.1.5 Video Web Server and Client IP Interactions recommended

11.1.6 Packet Tracer The Client Interaction recommended

11.2.2 Video TCP and UDP Operation recommended

11.2.4 Animation TCP Reliability required

11.2.6 CYU TCP and UDP recommended

11.3.1 Video Transport Layer Port Numbers recommended

11.3.6 CYU Port Numbers recommended

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Module 11: Activities (Cont.)

Page # Activity Type Activity Name Optional?

11.3.7 CYU Identify the Application Port Number recommended

11.4.2 Module Quiz Transport Layer Services Quiz required

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Module 11: Best Practices
Prior to teaching Module 11, the instructor should:
• Review the activities and assessments for this module.
• Try to include as many questions/activities as possible to keep students engaged during classroom
presentation.
Topic 11.1
• Compare and contrast peer-to-peer and client/server model.
• Illustrate the process of a web client request to a web server, from web request using an URL, DNS
resolving domain name to IP address, through the internet, and reaching the web server. Use a video
or animation to help students understand the process.
• Use several examples to illustrate the concept of URI, URN, and URL.
• Demonstrate PT activity in 11.1.6 with simulation mode and review different packets.
Topic 11.2
• Discuss the DHCPv4 operation details. Emphasize the delivery mode for each step (broadcast and
unicast)

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Module 11: Best Practices (Cont.)

Topic 11.2
• Review the TCP/IP layered protocols.
• Compare and contrast between TCP and UDP.
• Use 11.2.4 animation or similar content video to explain TCP features.
• Use multiple examples to explain appropriate use cases of TCP and UDP.

Topic 11.3
• Ask students how they use internet resources in daily life. Do they always close an application
before opening another application? If multiple applications are open, for example, multiple web
sessions are open, how each web browser window manages the ongoing conversations for the
session?
• Emphasize that while the destination port is typically predefined, the source port is dynamically
generated, which leads to the discussion “if a user opens multiple web browsers to visit the same
web server, how are the conversations identified and maintained?” Use the netstat command to
illustrate.
• Create practice quizzes for students to self-assess the knowledge of port numbers.
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Module 11: Transport
Layer Services

Networking Essentials (NETESS)

Module Objective

Module Title: Transport Layer Services

Module Objective: Explain how clients access internet services.

Topic Title Topic Objective

The Client Server Relationship Explain client and server interaction.

TCP and UDP Compare TCP and UDP transport layer functions.

Port Numbers Explain how TCP and UDP use port numbers.

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11.1 The Client Server
Relationship

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The Client Server Relationship
Client and Server Interaction

• We use network services available over networks and the internet to communicate with others
and to perform routine tasks
• A server is a host running a software application (or server service) that provides services to
other hosts (clients)
• There are millions of servers on the internet. Clients and servers interact following agreed upon
standards and protocols

Type Description
Email The email server runs email server software. Clients use mail client software,
such as Microsoft Outlook, to access email on the server.
Web The web server runs web server software. Clients use browser software, such as
Windows Internet Explorer, to access web pages on the server.
File The file server stores corporate and user files in a central location. The client
devices access these files with client software such as the Windows File Explorer.

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The Client Server Relationship
Video - Web Traffic in Packet Tracer

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The Client Server Relationship
Client Requests a Web Page

A client/server system is illustrated by the interaction

between a web client and a web server:

1. A person uses a web browser to access a web

server by sending a request, for example,
requesting a web page.

2. The server receives the request and responds by

sending the requested web page back to the client.

A web server is usually in a part of the network with

other servers called a server farm, or within a data
center.

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The Client Server Relationship
URI, URN, and URL

Uniform Resource Name (URN) - identifies only the namespace of the resource without reference to the
protocol
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - defines the network location of a specific resource on the network.

Components in the example URL:

• Protocol/scheme - HTTPS or other protocols such as FTP, SFTP, mailto, and NNTP
• Hostname - w​ww.example.com
• Path and file name - /author/book.html
• Fragment - #page155

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The Client Server Relationship
Video - Web Server and Client IP Interactions

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The Client Server Relationship
Packet Tracer - The Client Interaction

In this activity, you will observe the client interaction between the server and
PC.

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11.2 TCP and UDP

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TCP and UDP
Protocol Operations

A web server and a web client use specific protocols and standards in the process of exchanging
information to ensure that the messages are received and understood. The various protocols
necessary to deliver a web page function at the four different layers of the TCP/IP model are as
follows:

• Application Layer Protocol - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) governs the way that a web
server and a web client interact.
• Transport Layer Protocol - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures that IP packets are
sent reliably, and any missing packets are resent.
• Internetwork Layer Protocol - The most common internetwork protocol is Internet Protocol (IP)
which is used to identify end hosts and to route packets to destination host.
• Network Access Layer - The specific protocol at the network access layer, such as Ethernet,
depends on the type of media and transmission methods used in the physical network.

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TCP and UDP
Video - TCP and UDP Operation

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TCP and UDP
TCP and UDP

• Each service has its own application protocols that are

implemented in the server and client software.

• All the common internet services use Internet Protocol (IP)

to address and route messages between source and
destination hosts.

• The service application decides which transport protocol to

use. Transport protocols specify how to manage the
transfer of messages between hosts.

• The two most common transport protocols are

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram
Protocol (UDP).
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TCP and UDP
TCP Reliability
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) helps ensure reliable
delivery of data packets:

• TCP breaks up a message into small pieces (segments)

• Segments are numbered in sequence and passed to the IP
process for assembly into packets.
• TCP tracks the number of segments that have been sent.
• If the sender does not receive an acknowledgment within a
certain period, it assumes that the segments were lost and
retransmits only the missing portion of the message.

On the receiving host, TCP is responsible for reassembling the

message segments in orders and passing them to the
application.

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TCP and UDP
UDP Best Effort Delivery

In some applications, reliable delivery is not required, UDP

may be an appropriate transport protocol.

• UDP is a 'best effort' delivery system that does not require

acknowledgment of receipt.

• UDP is preferable with applications that use time sensitive

technology such as streaming audio and voice over IP
(VoIP).

• Acknowledgments would slow down delivery and

retransmissions are undesirable.

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11.3 Port Numbers

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Port Numbers
Video - Transport Layer Port Numbers

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Port Numbers
TCP and UDP Port Numbers
• When a message is delivered using either TCP or UDP, the protocols and services requested are
identified by a port number.

• A port is a numeric identifier within each segment that is used to keep track of specific
conversations between a client and server.

• Every message that a host sends contains both a source and destination port.

• Ports are assigned and managed by an organization known as the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Ports are broken into three categories and range in
number from 1 to 65,535:

• Well-Known Ports - Destination ports that are associated with common network
applications. These ports are in the range of 1 to 1023.
• Registered Ports - Ports 1024 through 49151 can be used as either source or destination
ports.
• Private Ports - Ports 49152 through 65535 are often used as source ports. These ports can
be used by any application.
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Port Numbers
TCP and UDP Port Numbers (Cont.)
Some Common Well-Known Port Numbers

Port Number Transport Application Protocol

20 TCP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Data

21 TCP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Control

22 TCP Secure Shell (SSH)

23 TCP Telnet

25 TCP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

53 UDP, TCP Domain Name Service (DNS)

67 UDP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) – Server

68 UDP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Client

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Port Numbers
TCP and UDP Port Numbers (Cont.)
Some Common Well-Known Port Numbers

Port Number Transport Application Protocol

68 UDP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Client

69 UDP Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

80 TCP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

110 TCP Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)

143 TCP Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

161 UDP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

443 TCP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

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Port Numbers
Destination and Source Port Numbers

The source port number is associated with the originating application on the local sending host. The
destination port number is associated with the destination application on the remote host.

Source Port - dynamically generated by the sending

device to identify a conversation between two devices.
This process allows multiple conversations to occur
simultaneously.

Destination Port - The client places a destination port

number in the segment to tell the destination server
what service is being requested. The server responds to
the request and sends information back to the sending
device using the source port.

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Port Numbers
Socket Pairs

The source and destination ports are placed within the segment PDU. It is encapsulated within an IP
packet which contains the IP address of the source and destination. The combination of the source IP
address and source port number, or the destination IP address and destination port number is known as a
socket.

• In the example, the socket is used to identify the

server and service being requested by the client. A
client socket might look like192.168.1.5:1099. The
socket on a web server might be 192.168.1.7:80

• Together, these two sockets combine to form a

socket pair: 192.168.1.5:1099, 192.168.1.7:80

• The source port number acts as a return address

for the requesting application.

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Port Numbers
The netstat Command

• Unexplained TCP connections can pose a major security threat.

• On a PC, the command netstat lists the protocols in use, the local address and port numbers, the
foreign address and port numbers, and the connection state.

In the example, the two lines

highlighted with the red block
indicate that the PC opens two web
requests with the same web server.
Notice that the PC generates two
different source ports to maintain
these two web sessions.

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11.4 Transport Layer Services
Summary

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Transport Layer Services Summary
What Did I Learn in this Module?

• In the client/server model, the term server refers to a host running a software application that provides
information or services to other hosts connected to the network. The client refers to a host running a
software application makes a service request to a server.
• TCP and UDP are two network protocols operating at the Transport Layer.
• TCP provides mechanisms to ensure reliable data packets delivery with sequencing and
acknowledgement. However, the acknowledgement slows down the packet delivery process.
• UDP is a 'best effort' delivery system that does not require acknowledgment of receipt.
• A port is a numeric identifier within each segment that is used to keep track of specific conversations
between a client and server.
• Source port number is dynamically generated by the sending device as a return address.
• Destination port identifies the intended service requested by a client.
• Port numbers are in three categories: well-known ports, registered ports, and private ports.
• Command netstat lists the protocols in use, the local address and port numbers, the foreign address and
port numbers, and the connection state.
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Module 11 - Transport Layer Services
New Terms and Commands

• transport layer protocols • source and destination port numbers

• URI, URN, and URL • well-known ports
• Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • registered ports
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • private ports
• reliable delivery system (TCP) • socket
• sequencing and acknowledgement • socket pair
• best-effort delivery system (UDP) • netstat command
• TCP and UDP port numbers

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