Scribd
Upload
98 views25 pages

Genetics and Heredity

This document discusses genetics and heredity. It defines genetics as the science of heredity, which is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits are determined during reproduction and there is more variation in sexual reproduction. Species have specific chromosome numbers that are passed down generations. Genes carry hereditary information and are found on chromosomes. Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments in genetics using pea plants and established the concepts of dominant and recessive traits.

Uploaded by

Mariam Hisham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
98 views25 pages

Genetics and Heredity

This document discusses genetics and heredity. It defines genetics as the science of heredity, which is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits are determined during reproduction and there is more variation in sexual reproduction. Species have specific chromosome numbers that are passed down generations. Genes carry hereditary information and are found on chromosomes. Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments in genetics using pea plants and established the concepts of dominant and recessive traits.

Uploaded by

Mariam Hisham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Genetics and Heredity

© Lisa Michalek
What is Genetics?
 Traits are characteristics.
 Same hair color, eye color, or skin color.
 Genetics is the science of heredity.
 Heredity is the study of the way traits are
passed on from parent to offspring.
Variation
 The traits an organism inherits is determined
during the life process of reproduction.
 More variation (differences) are found in
sexual reproduction than by asexual
reproduction.
 In sexual reproduction, the offspring
resembles its parents but is also different
from them.
Species and Chromosome Number
 The chromosome number (species chromosome
number) is the same from generation to generation
within an organism or species.
 Every species will have a different chromosome
number.
 Human = 46
 Crayfish = 100
 Dog = 48
 Cat = 38
 Pea = 14
 Fruit fly = 8
Chromosome Arrangement
 In a cell,
chromosomes
are arranged
in pairs.
 A photograph
or chart of
chromosomes
arranged in
pairs is called
a karyotype.
Gregor Mendel
 Today’s knowledge about genetics is a result of
genetic studies started by Gregor Mendel in
the middle 1800’s.
 Because of his work, he is called
the “father of genetics.”
 Mendel did not know about genes,
but thought that certain “factors”
were responsible for traits passed
from parents to offspring.
Gregor Mendel and His Peas

 After becoming a priest, Mendel went


to the University of Vienna to study
math and science.
 Worked in monastery and taught high
school
 Was in charge of garden
 Here he experimented with peas
The Gene-Chromosome Theory
 This theory states that
chromosomes
(found in the nucleus of
the cell) are made of
small units called genes.
 Genes carry hereditary
information and are found
at specific locations along
chromosomes.
Alleles
 Alleles are pairs of
genes that carry the
same traits and are
found at the same
locations on pairs of
chromosomes.
 Each chromosome
may contain several
hundred genes.
Inheritance of Traits
 During fertilization, the
male and female parents
each contribute genetic
information (traits) to the
zygote (fertilized egg).
 One half of its genetic
information from its male
parent and the other half
from its female parent.
 Genetic traits are carried in
chromosomes.
Mendel’s Experiments
 Gregor Mendel conducted heredity
experiments using common garden pea
plants.
 Mendel crossed (mated) large numbers of
plants.
 Mendel concluded that there were traits that
always appeared (were expressed) when
they were present in an organism.
Mendel’s Experiments
 The purebred plants are
called the parent (P)
generation.
 The offspring of a cross
between two parent (P)
generation plants are called
the first filial (F1) generation.
 The trait that always appears
when it is present is called the dominant trait.
 The trait that is hidden by the dominant trait is
called the recessive trait.
Genetic Terms
 Homozygous Trait - Both genes for that
trait are the same.
 A pea plant with two genes for tallness.
 Heterozygous Trait - Both genes for that
trait are not the same.
 A pea plant with one gene for tallness and one for
shortness.
Genetic Terms
 Genotype - The genetic makeup of an
organism.
 Phenotype - The external appearance of
an organism.
 For example, an organism that looks tall can
have a genotype that is pure tall or hybrid tall.
This is because whenever the dominant trait is
present, the organism expresses (shows) the
dominant trait.
Punnett Squares
 Step 1. State the key by using the capital letter of
the dominant trait to represent the dominant gene
and the small letter of the dominant trait to
represent the recessive gene.
 Step 2. Write the cross and show the gametes.
 Step 3. Draw the Punnett square and place the
letters for the egg alleles on one side of the square
and the letters for the sperm alleles on the other
side of the square.
 Step 4. Write the results next to the square.
Try This Punnett Square
In roses, red is dominant over white.

1. What letter represents the red


gene?

2. What letter represents the white


gene?

3. Cross two heterozygous red


roses. Describe the phenotype
of the offspring.
A Dihybrid Cross
 In mice, black is dominant over tan and
short tails are dominant over long.
 Write the genotype for a heterozygous
black, short- tailed mouse.
 B = black
 b = tan
 S = short tails
 s = long tails
A Dihybrid Cross
 BbSs =
heterozygous
black, short
 What are the
possible gametes
for this mouse?
 Each gamete
must have one “B”
and one “S”
A Dihybrid Cross
 Describe the
phenotype of the
offspring.
Black, Short-tail
9
Black, Long-tail
3
Tan, Short-tail
3
Tan, Long-tail
1
Gene Linkage
 Today, we now know that traits are not all
inherited independently of each other.
 Scientists have found that traits that are
located on the same chromosome tend to be
inherited together.
 Traits located on the same chromosome are
said to show linkage.
Crossing-Over
 Although linked genes are
generally inherited together,
they can become separated by
crossing-over, which may
occur during a stage of meiosis.
 During this stage, the four
chromatids sometimes twist
around each other.
 As they separate, the
chromatids may break,
exchange segments, and rejoin.
Incomplete Dominance
 Incomplete dominance
or blending inheritance
occurs when the
offspring shows traits
that are a blend or mix
of the two parents.
Codominance
 When both alleles contribute
to the phenotype, we call that
codominance.
 Colors are not blended; they
appear separately.

Examples:
• In some varieties of chickens the black feather allele is codominant
with the white feather allele. The chickens have feathers that are
speckled black and white with no blending.
• Human blood types: IA and IB are codominant alleles; there’s no
blending of the two blood types.
Polygenic Traits
 Polygenic traits are traits controlled by two or more
genes.
 Means “having many genes”

 Example: Skin and eye color in humans is controlled


by a number of different genes that control these
traits.
 Different combinations of the alleles yield the

enormous range of variation in our skin color.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy