SDOF SYSTEMS

Earthquake Response of Inelastic

Systems
 Inelastic system
 i) Why do we need an Inelastic analysis
 Designing structures to remain elastic for

strong ground motions will be uneconomical

-----because the force demands will be very
large.
ii) Therefore how do we do economical design
Use of ductility of the structure may be made to
reduce the force demands .
 Continuation….
 In order to design structures for strain levels
beyond the linear range , the response
spectrum has been extended to include the
inelastic range.
 The chief characteristics of inelastic dynamic
behavior: Plasticity, strain hardening , strain
softening , stiffness degradation , ductility and
energy absorption are obtained from the
hysteretic curve.
 Continuation….
 Hysteresis behavior: Inelastic behavior of a
structural element under reversed cyclic loading
obtained experimentally under repeated cycles.
 Plasticity :
 i) Plasticity exhibited by mild steel is a desirable
property
 ii) It provides convenient control on the load
developed by a member
 iii) The higher the grade of steel ,the shorter the
plastic plateau and sooner the strain hardening
effect set in.
 Continuation…
 Strain softening:
 i) It is opposite of strain hardening involving a
loss of stress or strength with increasing strain.
 Strength degradation:
 i) Reduction in strength measured at a given
displacement loading cycle due to reduction in
yield strength and stiffness that occurs during
repeated cyclic loading
 Continuation…
 Stiffness degradation:
 i) The stiffness as measured by the overall stress to
strain ratio of each hysteresis loop reduces with
each successive loading cycle.
 ii) It is an important feature of the inelastic cycle
loading of the concrete and masonry materials.
 Ductility:
 i) of a member may be defined as the ratio of
deformations at failure and at yields.
 ii) The deformation may be measured in terms of
deflection , rotation or curvature.
 Continuation…
 iii) Ductility is particularly useful in seismic
problems because it is accompanied by an
increase in strength in the inelastic range.
 Curvature ductility
 Rotational ductility
 Deformation Ductility
 The curvature ductility depends upon the
properties of a cross section that is width ,
depth and amount of reinforcement in tension
and compression.
 Continuation…
 Rotational Ductility:
 It depends upon the member properties
including its length and boundary conditions
as its two ends.
 Displacement ductility:
 It depends upon the properties of the entire
structure.
 Continuation…
 A high energy absorption capacity is a
desirable property of earthquake resistant
construction.
 i) Temporary Vs permanent absorptions of
dissipation of energy
 ii) A substantial part of the energy is
temporarily stored by the structure as elastic
strain energy and kinetic energy.
 Continuation…
 iii) When the yield point is exceeded in parts of
the structure under strong earthquake motion ,
permanent energy dissipation in the form of
inelastic strain (or hysteretic ) energy begins.
 iv) During the earthquake , the energy is
dissipated by damping, which of course the
means by which the elastic energy is dissipated
once the forcing ground motion ceases.
 Elasto-Plastic idealization.
 i) Consider the force deformation relation for a
structure during it’s initial loading
 ii) Idealize this curve by an elastic –perfectly
plastic(i.e, elasto-plastic) force deformation
relation
 Why to idealize like elasto –plastic
 i) Because this approximation permits the
development of response spectra in a manner
similar to linearly elastic systems.
 Continuation…
 How to idealize.
 i) It is based on same areas under the two
curves with the selected value of the maximum
displacement
 Continuation….
 Force–Deformation Curve during initial
loading . (Actual & Idealized.)
 Continuation…
 i) On initial loading this idealized system is
linearly elastic with stiffness “” as long as the
force is less than .
 ii)Yielding begins when the forces reaches
 iii) The deformation at which yielding begins is
, the yield deformation.
 iv) Yielding takes place at constant force ( i.e,
stiffness is zero) .
Elasto-Plastic force deformation relation.
 A typical cycle of loading , unloading and
reloading (below fig.)
 i) The yield strength is the same in the two
directions of deformations.
 ii) Unloading from a point of maximum
deformation takes place along a path parallel
to the initial elastic branch
 iii) Similarly reloading from a point of
minimum deformation takes place along a path
parallel to the initial elastic branch
 Continuation….
 iv) Therefore the cyclic force-deformation is no
longer single valued ----why this so.
 Ans. For deformation depends on i) the prior
history of the motion of the system ii) and
whether the deformation is currently
increasing (velocity
 Continuation…
 Elasto-Plastic force deformation relation
 Corresponding Linear System
 Compare the peak deformation of the elasto -
plastic and corresponding linear system for the
same excitation due to earthquake.
 i) The elastic system is having same stiffness as the
stiffness of the elasto-plastic system during it’s
initial loading
 ii) Both systems having the same mass and
damping
 iii) Therefore the natural vibration period of the
corresponding linear system is the same as the
period of the elasto-plastic system undergoing
small oscillations.
 Continuation….
 iv)At larger amplitudes of motion the natural
vibration period is not defined for inelastic
systems.
Elasto-Plastic System and it’s corresponding
linear system.
 Continuation…
 The ratio of peak deformation of elasto-plastic
system to the yield deformation of the system
is known as the ductility factor
 Yielding of a structure also has the effect of
limiting the peak force that it must sustain .
This force reduction is quantified by a factor
known as yield reduction factor.
 Yield reduction factor
 Continuation…
 are the peak values of the earthquake induced
resisting force and deformation respectively in
the corresponding linear system.
 Or
 The minimum strength required for the
structure to remain linearly elastic during the
ground motion.
 Continuation…
 The normalized yield strength
 Case-1: If the system will yield and deform
into the in elastic range
 Case-2: If a system that remain linearly elastic
 Equation of Motion.
 For inelastic systems the resulting equation of
motion is
 For a given depends on three system
parameters: , in addition to the form of force-
deformation relation
 Demonstration:
 Equation for an inelastic system can be re-
written for an elasto-plastic system. Obtained
by dividing the above Equation-i by
 Continuation….
 i.e,


 It is clear from the above equation depends on

 i) The quantity is the natural frequency of the
inelastic system vibrating within its linearly
elastic range .It is also the natural frequency of
the corresponding linear system
 Continuation…
 ii) and as the small oscillation frequency and
small oscillation period respectively of the
inelastic system.
 iii) is the damping ratio of the system based on
the critical damping of the inelastic system
vibrating within its linearly elastic range.. It is
also the damping ration of the corresponding
linear system
 iv)The function describes force –deformation
relation in partially dimensionless form.
 Continuation…
 For a given , the ductility factor depends on
three system parameters:
 Demonstration:
 i) is the normalized yield strength of the
elasto- plastic system
 But
 Therefore substitute and divide the Equation-ii
by
 Continuation…

 Where
 may be interpreted as the acceleration of the
mass necessary to produce the yield force
 is the force deformation relation in
dimensionless form.
 : The acceleration ratio is the ratio between the
ground acceleration and a measure of the yield
strength of the structure.
 Continuation..
 Observation from the above equation-iii:
 i) The equation indicates that doubling the
ground acceleration will produce the same
response as if the yield strength had been
halved.
 ii) For a given and form for say elasto-plastic
depends on .In turn and , i.e, for a given ,
depends and
 Inelastic design Spectra
 In this section a procedure is presented for
constructing the design spectrum for elasto-
plastic systems for specified ductility factors.
 The approach is to develop a constant-ductility
design spectrum from the elastic design
spectrum, multiplying it by the normalized
strength or dividing it by the yield strength
reduction factor.
 Several researchers have proposed equations
for the variation of with in different spectral
regions as follows.
 Construction of Constant –Ductility
Design Spectrum
 i) The elastic design spectrum is divided by for a
chosen value of ductility factor to construct the
inelastic design spectrum
 Steps:
 A) Divide the constant “A” ordinate of segment b – c
= to locate the segment
 B) Divide the constant “V” ordinate of segment c-d
by to locate the segment
 C) Divide the constant “D” ordinate of segment d-e
by to locate the segment
 D) Divide the ordinate at “f” by to locate and . Draw
 Continuation…
 E) Take the ordinate of the inelastic spectrum
at sec as equal to that of point “a” of the elastic
spectrum. This is equivalent to Join points
 F) Draw
 Continuation…
 Construction of inelastic design spectrum
 Applications of the Design Spectrum
 The inelastic design spectrum developed to
address questions that arise in the design of
new structures and safety evaluation of the
existing structures.
 The applications are
 i) Structural design for Allowable ductility
 ii)Evaluation of an Existing structure
 iii)Displacement- based structural design.
 Continuation….
 Structural design for allowable ductility:
 i) Consider SDOF system to be designed for
allowable ductility decided based on a)
allowable deformation, b)ductility capacity
that can be achieved for the materials and c)
the design deformation for the system.
 ii) Determine the desired yield strength and
the design deformation for the system
 iii) Corresponding to the allowable is read
from the spectrum
 w and and
 Continuation
 Evaluation of existing structure:
 Consider the problem of estimating the deformation
of an existing structure at which its performance
should be evaluated.
 For application of inelastic design spectrum –
consider a simplest possible SDOF system
 For this system the mass ”m” and initial stiffness ‘k”
at small displacements and the yield strength are
determined from its properties: Dimensions , member
sizes and design details
 The small oscillation period is computed from the
known k” and m” and the damping ratio is estimated
 For system with known and damping ratio “A” is
read from the elastic design spectrum
 Continuation…
 Displacement based structural design:
 The inelastic design spectrum is also useful for
direct displacement based design structures.
 The goal is to determine the initial stiffness and
yield strength of the structure necessary to
limit the deformation to some acceptable value
 Applied to an elasto plastic system
 i) Estimate the yield deformation for the
system
 ii) Determine the acceptable plastic rotation of
the hinge at the base

 Continuation…..
 iv) Enter the deformation design spectrum with known
to read .Determine initial elastic stiffness

 V) Determine the required yield strength

 Vi) Select member sizes and detailing (reinforcement in

reinforced concrete structure's connections in steel
structures etc.) to provide the strength determined .For
the resulting design of the structures calculate its initial
elastic stiffness “k” and yield deformation
 Vii) Repeat steps ii through vi until a satisfactory
solution is reached.