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Ucsp Week 8

Four key ways to identify social groups according to the document are: 1) Members share a common identity and see themselves as distinct. 2) Members regularly interact with one another. 3) Groups have a formal or informal social structure with roles and statuses. 4) Members generally agree on values, norms, and goals.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
90 views25 pages

Ucsp Week 8

Four key ways to identify social groups according to the document are: 1) Members share a common identity and see themselves as distinct. 2) Members regularly interact with one another. 3) Groups have a formal or informal social structure with roles and statuses. 4) Members generally agree on values, norms, and goals.

Uploaded by

Angelica Luce
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Human forms and

Functions of social
Organizations
(Ucsp Week 8)
Four ways to identify social groups according to
Gelles and Lavine (1999)

✘ Members of the group have shared identity – if members recognize that


they have something in common and make them believe to be different.
✘ Members of social group interact regularly – when members make a
point of getting together every so often.
✘ Social groups have social structure – formally or informally, they
established a structure of roles and statuses to coordinate their activities.
✘ Social groups depend on consensus – members must agree to some
extent on values, norms and goals.

2
Groups within society
✘ Primary Group – small warm association based on ongoing, personal, intimate
relationships. They are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideas of any
individual. The family which is a primary group possesses characteristics of face-
to face interaction, typically informal, small and personal.
✘ Secondary Group – is a cool, impersonal association whose members’
relationships are limited and instrumental. Others describe it as formal, large and
impersonal.
✘ In-group – is a group to which people feel that they belong; it commands their
loyalty and respect. Members usually regard themselves superior to members of
out-group.

3
Groups within society
✘ Out-group – by contrast, one feels opposed to or in competition
with.

✘ Reference groups – members are identical to themselves. They are


groups of individuals who compare themselves regularly. It is
always a social group.

✘ Electronic community – a new type of human group born in 1990.


Using internet, people meet on–line for various purposes which
may start plainly as means to communicate.
4
Difference Between
Nature and Nurture
✘ Nature ✘ Nurture
It is your genes. The It refers to personal
physical and personality experiences (i.e.
traits determined by your empiricism or
genes stay the same behaviorism)
irrespective of where you Nurture refers to your
were born and raised. childhood, or how you
were brought up.

6
ENCULTURATION
✘ Enculturation is the process of socialization into the maintenance of the norms of
one’s indigenous culture such as the salient values, ideas, and concepts.
✘ It includes learning the cultural characteristics, such as language and traditions
and customs which distinguish the members of one group of people from another.
It is also based on the idea that the individual is surrounded by a culture; where he
acquires by learning, what the culture deems to be necessary.
✘ It is the process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding
culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate necessary in culture.
✘ The process where the culture that is currently established teaches the individual
the accepted norms and values of the culture or the society where the individual
lives.

7
ENCULTURATION
✘ Two phases of Enculturation:
1.Unconscious stage – where individual unconsciously internalizes his culture; and
2.Conscious stage – which involves the innovation initiated by the individuals.

✘ Two aspects of Enculturation:


1.Informal – which some call “child training”
2.Formal – more commonly termed “education”

8
Socialization
✘ Socialization refers to the process of deliberate shaping by way of the
tutelage of the individual.
✘ It is the process through which people learn the rules and practices
needed to participate successfully in their culture and society.
✘ It is when one acquires a sense of personal identity and learns what
people in the surrounding culture believe and how they expect one to
behave.
✘ It is indeed a lifelong process that starts when a helpless infant gradually
transforms into a more or less knowledgeable and more or less functional
and cooperative member of the society.

9
Identity
Identity relates to the understanding that people hold on and believe to
what is meaningful to them as it may be sourced from gender, sexual
orientation, nationality, ethnicity, and social class.

Identity formation – is the compilation of values, attitudes, and beliefs that


the individuals received from their families’ peers and community enable
them to create a personal identity.

Primary identity – consists of the roles and status that an individual learns
as a child.

10
Two types of identity:
1. Social identity – refers to the characteristics that other people
attribute to an individual. Examples: Christians, homeless, student, father,
widow and teacher.
2. Self-identity or personal identity – makes one unique or distinct
individuals. It refers to the process of self-development through which one
formulates a unique sense of oneself and his/her relationship to the world
around him/her.
• Shared identities – established a set of common objectives, visions,
interest or experiences found on a significant basis for social movements like
environmentalists, feminists or advocates of peace and order.

11
Theories on Identity
✘ Status is an individual’s position in his/her society
which carries with it a set of defined rights and
obligations.
✘ It is a part of person’s social identity and defines his
relationships to others.
✘ Status set refers to all the statuses a person can hold at
a given time. This happens when a man is a father of
the family, a brother to his sister, a mayor to his town.
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CONFORMIT Y AND
DEVIANCE
✘ Conformity is following the roles and goals of one’s society. One
conforms if he chooses a course of action that a majority favors or that
which is socially acceptable. Most familiar examples of non-
conformity are negative instances of rule-breaking like stealing.
Abusing a child or driving while drunk.

✘ Deviance is any behavior that violates a cultural norm.

14
There are two kinds of status:
✘ 1. Ascribed status – is a social position where a person
receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life. Examples
are being a son, a Filipino, a widower or a teenager.
✘ 2. Achieved status – is a social position a person takes
on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and efforts such as
being a choir, director, physician, ballet dancer, lawyer, honor
student.
✘ • Roles – is a set of expectations from people who
occupy a particular status.

15
Theories That Explain the Existence of
Deviants

✘ Social Control Theory: Deviance is primarily caused by a lack in


stronger social bonds within a society.
✘ Rational Choice Theory: The individual decisions to follow or to go
against social norms are dependent in their perceived cost and benefit of
such action.
✘ Differential Association Theory: Conformity or deviance is learned by
an individual from those, s/he associates with.
✘ Labeling Theory: Actions are initially not considered deviant until they
are labeled as such by members of the community.
16
Theories That Explain the Existence of
Deviants
✘ Conflict Theory: Society consists of opposing groups of people
whose access to power is unequal.

✘ Structural Functionalist Theory: This theory proposes two


perspectives in the formation of deviant behavior.

✘ On the Micro-level, deviance is the product of breakdown of social


norms. On the macro level, deviance is the product or roles strain
that an individual experiences due to the lack of resources to cope
with the demands of social norms.
17
Forms of Deviance
✘ Criminal deviance – is the violation of society’s formally
enacted criminal law. It spans a wide range starting from a
minor traffic violation, to sexual assaults, to murder.

✘ Non-criminal deviance – is where most sociologists argued


to focus on; includes xenophobia (intense or irrational dislike
or fear of people from other countries), homophobia (hated or
fear of homosexual-gays, lesbians), mental disorders, and
other similar deviations.

18
Different forms of Deviance
✘ Physical deviance – is the most visible form of deviance and it can
evoke stereotypes, stigma and discrimination. Sociologists describe
two types of physical deviance:
• Violations of aesthetic norms (what people should look like, including
height, weight and the absence of disfigurement); and
• Physical incapacity, which would include those with physical
disability.
✘ Sexual Deviance – may include exotic dancers, strippers, sex tourism
and anonymous sex in public restrooms, bisexuality, online sexual
predators, prostitutes, premarital chastity and many others.

19
Different forms of Deviance
✘ Deviance in cyberspace – is a relative new phenomenon , but
already has many different forms, including online pedophile
subculture, cyberbullying, online misbehavior of college students,
“sexting,” and the illegal downloading of music, movies and
readings.
✘ Elite Deviance – is defined as “criminal and deviant acts by the
largest corporations and the most powerful political organizations”
that result in harm.
✘ Positive deviance – is defined as intentional behaviors that
significantly depart from the norms of a referent group in honorable
ways.
20
Social Control
✘ Social control refers to the techniques and strategies
for preventing deviant behavior in any society.
✘ It is a way of instilling cultural conformity which
often involves rule-breaking.
✘ It also refers to the diverse ways in which the
behaviors of a society are constrained into social
approved channels. Thus, everyone is subject to
social control.
22
Two elements that promote
social control

✘ Internalization – is an integral part of communicating


and incorporating social norm to an individual
personality.

✘ Sanction – is powerful in leading an individual to


conform to social norms.

23
Types of Sanctions
✘ Formal sanction – are rewards and forms of
punishment that are formally awarded by an institution
such as government, council, or establishment.

✘ Informal sanction – are rewards and forms of


punishment that are spontaneously given by an
individual or a group of people as a response to a
behavior that was either accepted or approved.

24
THANK YOU 

25

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