5G Introduction

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Content

1 5G Basics

2 5G Network Architecture and Key Features

3 5G Product

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Key Points
• Flexible Physical Layer
Flexible Numerology

• LTE-NR Dual Connectivity

• Spectrum Flexibility

• Multi Antenna Technology

Beam forming for coverage
Multi User MIMO for Capacity

• Better coverage and high data rates

• Device to Device Communication

IoT, Real Time Gaming etc.

• Higher system spectral efficiency

• Cheaper fees due to lower costs of deployment infrastructure

• Better revenue for the service providers.

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 Frequency Band

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 Frequency Band
Low-band
• Low band frequencies are those at 600Mhz, 800Mhz, and 900Mhz.

• These frequencies were preferred by many cell providers for years since they allow for large coverage areas with fewer
towers.

Sub-6
• Sub-6, or mid-band, refers to the frequencies under 6GHz but above the low-band frequencies. This currently includes
2.5Ghz, 3.5Ghz, and 3.7-4.2Ghz

Millimeter wave
• Millimeter waves, also known as extremely high frequency (EHF), is a band of radio frequencies that is well suited for 5G networks and
also Referred to as high-band (30 GHz - 300 GHz)

• 5G in the high-band requires a lot of smaller, lower range cell towers increasing the cost of deployment.

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Spectrum distribution of 5G networks
Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural

mmWave (24Ghz-
100Ghz
High
Capacity

C-Band （ 3.3GHz — 4.9GHz ）

Good Capacity

2.6GHz

1.8GHz / 2.1GHz Good

Coverage
1400MHz

700MHz/800MHz/900MHz

5G network will be multi-band network including C-band and mmWave

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 What Is Millimeter Wave?
• Millimeter waves, also known as extremely high frequency (EHF), is a band of radio frequencies that is well suited
for 5G networks

• Millimeter wave technology allows transmission on frequencies between 30 GHz and 300 GHz.

• These frequencies are called millimeter waves because they have wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm

• This section of the spectrum is pretty much unused, so mmWave technology aims to greatly increase the amount of
bandwidth available. Lower frequencies are more heavily congested with TV and radio signals, as well as current 4G
LTE networks which typically between 800 and 3,000MHz.

• Millimeter waves have much wider bandwidth compared to lower bandwidth frequency bands used in 4G
technologies. With higher bandwidth, higher the data rate can be achieved..

• So far, only radar systems and satellites use millimeter waves

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5G Spectrum defined by 3GPP
Sub6G mmWave

SUL ： Supplementary Uplink,

for UL&DL decoupling

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NR Uplink and Downlink Decoupling
This feature defines new paired spectrum for areas with restricted uplink coverage, with C-band for the downlink and a sub-3 GHz band for
the uplink, thereby improving uplink coverage.
The uplink spectrum of NR Sub-3G SUL is obtained by LTE and NR uplink spectrum sharing.

Using Sub3G as NR SUL to

NR improve uplink coverage
DL
(C-
NR Ba
SU nd)
L(
Su
NR b3
DL G)
(C- &
Ba UL
nd SUL ： Supplementary Uplink Carrier
)

All uplink channels are • NR PRACH, PUCCH, and

carried on the C-Band SRS and PUSCH are
frequency band carried on the NR SUL
(Sub3G) frequency band.
• The NR C-Band SRS is still
carried on the C-Band
frequency band.

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Technical Difference
Name LTE NR
3GPP Release 8 Release 15
Full Form Long Term Evolution 3GPP 5G New Radio
Base Station eNodeB(Evolved Node B) gNB(Next Generation Node B)
Core Network EPC(Evolved Packet Core) NGC (Next Generation core)

Frequency Bands Under 6GHZ Upto 100GHZ

1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and

Flexible bandwidth configuration Variable,maximum 400MHZ
20 MHz

Number of RBs 100 100 or more

Radio Frame Duration 10ms 10ms

No. of Subframe in Frame 10 10

No.of Slots in Frame 20 Flexible:2^n*10 Where(n=0,1,2…4)

Subcarrier Spacing/Numerology 15Khz Flexible:2^n*15 Khz Where(n=0,1,2…4)

Carrier Aggregation 5 (Rel.10) 32 (Rel.12) 16 (Rel.15)

Modulation Upto 256 QAM Upto 256 QAM

Voice Solution CSFB/SRVCC CSFB/VoNR

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NR Numerology

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NR Numerology

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NR Numerology

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NR Numerology

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NR Numerology

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NR Numerology

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LTE-NR Dual Connectivity
• The 5G Dual Connectivity has been introduced in
3GPP release 15.
• This feature is widely used in NSA

• This feature allows mobile device to exchange data

between itself and NR base station along with
simultaneous connection with LTE base station.

• In this dual connectivity mode, UE may be

simultaneously connected to LTE and NR or to
LTE for control plane and NR for user plane.

• In this dual connectivity feature, UE benefits of

both LTE and 5G connectivity simultaneously.
• This

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Content

1 5G Introduction

2 5G Network Architecture and Key Features

3 5G Product

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5G NSA and SA network architecture
Option 3x in NSA Option 2 in SA

Option 3 Option 3a Option 3x

Option3x Preferred in NSA ， Option 2 Preferred in SA

NGC Next Generation core

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 Option 3

• Option 3 represents a network having both LTE and NR radio access, but using only
the EPC core of LTE to route the Control signals.

• In this option 3, LTE is used as the control plane anchor for NR, and both LTE and NR
are used for user data traffic

• Option 3 requires routing 5G data through eNBs over the X2 interface.

• 5G gNB does not communicate with the 4G core network directly

• Option-3 — Traffic is split between 4G and 5G at eNodeB

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 Option 3A

• In this option, both the LTE eNB and the 5G gNB can directly talk to the EPS core network but they
cannot directly talk with each other over the (X2) interface.

• Option-3a — Traffic is split between 4G and 5G at EPC (S-GW).

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 Option 3X

• In this configuration, user data traffic directly flows to the 5G gNB part of the base station. From there, it is
delivered over the air interface to the mobile device.

• It is also possible to forward a part of the data over the X2 interface to the 4G eNB and from there to the UE.

• Option-3x — Traffic is split between 4G and 5G at 5G cell.

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Voice: VoLTE Preferred for NSA, VoNR Preferred for SA
NSA(Option 3x/7x) SA(Option 2/4)

 VoLTE with good experience, LTE wide coverage, ~2s access  VoNR: 1.5~2s access, When in NR Coverage(VoNR) will be
delay used.PS Handover to 4G VoLTE at cell edge

VoNR
HO
VoLTE NR VoLTE

 VoLTE when VoNR doesn’t support ， EPS FB to 4G

VoLTE, 3~4s access
NR
EPS FB
 CSFB when VoLTE isn’t deployed, 2G/3G wide
coverage, ~6s access delay VoLTE

 CSFB when VoNR/VoLTE isn’t deployed, 2 times FB, ~8s access

LTE NR
CSFB
NR
CS on 2G/3G EPS FB
LTE
CSFB

CS on 2G/3G

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DL Channels

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UL channel

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Overview Downlink Physical Channel/Signal Function

SS Synchronization Signal Used for time-frequency synchronization and cell search.

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel Carries system information to be broadcast.

Transmits control signaling, such as signaling for uplink
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
and downlink scheduling and power control.
Downlink Uplink
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Carries downlink user data.
Used for downlink data demodulation and time-frequency
DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal
Physical Physical Physical Physical synchronization.
Channel Signal Channel Signal PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference Signal Tracks and compensates downlink phase noise.
Used for downlink channel measurement, beam
Channel State Information Reference
CSI-RS management, RRM/RLM measurement, and refined time-
Signal
PBCH PSS/SSS PRACH DMRS frequency tracking.

Uplink Physical Channel/Signal Function

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Carries random access request information.
PDCCH DMRS PUCCH PT-RS
Transmits L1/L2 control signaling, such as signaling for
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel HARQ feedback, CQI feedback, and scheduling request
indicator.
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel Carries uplink user data.
PDSCH PT-RS PUSCH SRS
Used for uplink data demodulation and time-frequency
DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal
synchronization.
PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference Signal Tracks and compensates uplink phase noise.
CSI-RS Used for uplink channel measurement, time-frequency
SRS Sounding Reference Signal
synchronization, and beam management.

Compared with LTE, NR removes the PHICH, PCFICH, and CRS, adds the PT-RS, and enhances the DMRS and CSI-RS.
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Relationships Between Physical Channels and Signals

 Relationship between downlink channels and signals  Relationship between uplink channels and
signals
Downlink synchronization PSS/SSS
Uplink synchronization
Demodulation PRACH
DMRS for
PBCH PBCH
Demodulation
Demodulation DMRS for
DMRS for PUCCH PUCCH
PDCCH PDCCH
DMRS for
on
t ion
DMRS for
du la t i PUSCH
o d u la PDSCH De mo
De m
Phase tracking
PDSCH Phase tracking PUSCH PT-RS
PT-RS CS
C Tim Bea I est
Tim Bea SI es e-fr m m ima
e-f m t e qu an tio
req ma imatio en c ag e n SRS
u e na g n CSI-RS y o men
n cy e ffse t
offs ment t tra
et cin
tra g
ci ng

Physical channels fall into common channels (SS, PBCH, and PRACH), control channels (PDCCH and PUCCH), and data channels (PDSCH
and PUSCH). These channels and reference signals are used for transmitting and receiving data on the data channels.
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Numerology0 throughput calculation
— Subcarrier spacing =15khz
— No of slot per 1 sub frame=1(1 subframe=1 ms)
— Slot size= 1ms
— In one carrier of 180khz we have 12 sub carriers.
No of symbols per RB= no of sub carries * no ofdm symbols
Nrb=12 *14
1 symbol reserved for DMRS
Actual NRb=12*(14-1)=156 symbols
8 symblos per RB will be used by CSI and TRS.
Actual symbols per RB=156-8=148
considering 50 mhz bw, 4x4 mimo, 256qam modulation
— 148 symbols* 50 mhz(50000/180)* 4 *8= 1315555.5 bit per ms

— 1315555.5 *1000(sec)/(1000*1000*1000)=1.316gbps.

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Numerology2 throughput calculation
— Subcarrier spacing =60khz
— No of slot per 1 sub frame=4(1 subframe=1 ms)
— Slot size= 0.25ms
— In one carrier of 180khz we have 3 sub carriers.
No of symbols per RB= no of sub carries * no ofdm symbols
Nrb=3 *14
1 symbol reserved for DMRS
Actual NRb=3*14-1=39 symbols
8 symblos per RB will be used by CSI and TRS.
Actual symbols per RB=39-8=31

considering 50 mhz bw, 4x4 mimo, 256qam modulation

— 31 symbols* 50 mhz(50000/180)* 4 *8= 27555.5 bit per 0.25ms

— 27555.5*4= 1102222 bits per ms
— 1102222*1000(sec)/(1000*1000*1000)=1.102gbps.

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— 5G-NR Cell:Physical Cell ID

— Like LTE, 5G NR also has synchronization signal and known as Primary Synchronization signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization signal (SSS). These
signals are specific to NR physical layer and provides following information required by UE for downlink synchronization.

— PSS provides Radio Frame Boundary ( Position of 1st Symbol in a Radio frame)
— SSS provides Subframe Boundary (Position of 1st Symbol in a Subframe)
— Physical Layer Cell ID (PCI) information using both PSS and SSS

Physical Layer Cell ID

In 5G New Radio, there are 1008 unique physical-layer cell identities and it is given by

— N (1) ID = Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) and its range is from {0, 1….335}
— N (2) ID = Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and its range is from {0, 1, 2}

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 Beam Management Overview
Beam management definition
Beam management refers to the management of scanning, reporting, and maintenance of static beams. It enhances
cell coverage and reduces system overhead. The purpose of beam management is to select appropriate static beams
for each channel.
Beamforming and beam management
Beamforming (BF) uses weighting for transmit signals and forms them into narrow beams directed at target UEs or in
other specific directions. If the weighting used for beamforming is preset, beam management is required. If dynamic
weighting is used, beam management is not required. For details about beamforming, see MIMO.

Channel Technology Reference Document

Broadcast channels: physical broadcast channel (PBCH) and 4.1.1 Beam Management of Cell-Level
Beam management
synchronization signal (SS) Broadcast Channels in Beam Management
• Data channels: physical downlink shared channel
(PDSCH) and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)
• Control channels: physical uplink control channel • 4.1.2 User-Level Static Beam
Beam management
(PUCCH) and physical downlink control channel Management in Beam Management
and beamforming
(PDCCH) • MIMO
• Channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) and
tracking reference signal (TRS)
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 Beam Management and Its Subitems
In an LTE TDD network, a single, wide beam is used to
cover an entire cell. In an NR network, the cell is
covered using a series of narrow beams broadcast at
Cell-Level different angles at different moments, as shown in the
Beam figure on the right. The UE scans each of these
Management individual narrow beams to identify the best beam to
use for synchronization and system message
demodulation.
Beam
Management

 Static beams for uplink channels

Multiple narrow beams are used at the user level. The
User-Level (PUCCH/PUSCH) are selected based
best possible narrow beam set needs to be selected on SRS measurements. After SRS
Beam first for the PUCCH, PUSCH, PDCCH, PDSCH, and measurement, the reference signal
Management CSI-RS. The UE needs to scan these narrow beams to received power (RSRP) values are
identify the best beam set. The gNodeB then maintains organized and the beams with the
largest RSRP values are selected for
the best beam set reported by the UE and selects the
these channels.
best beam set for each channel.
 SRSs are used to measure the RSRPs
Note: of static beams for downlink channels
1. Currently, TRS beams belong to cell-level beams. (PDCCH/PDSCH/CSI-RS/TRS). The
2. User-level beams cannot be adjusted on the customer interface. beams with the largest RSRP values
are selected for downlink channels.

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 Scenario-based Broadcast Beams
Broadcast beams can be used in various scenarios, such as buildings or public squares.

In public squares, wide beams are used near the

cell center to ensure the access. Narrow beams are
For high-rise buildings, beams with wide vertical
used at the cell edge to improve coverage.
coverage are used to improve the vertical coverage.

Massive MIMO cell

Neighboring cell

In business districts, there are both public In inter-cell interference scenarios, beams with
squares and high-rise buildings. Beams providing narrow horizontal scanning scope are used to
large horizontal and vertical coverage are used. avoid strong interference sources.

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 Scenario-based Broadcast Beams
5G RAN2.1 supports a large number of AAUs. The following table lists supported coverage scenarios except the DEFAULT scenario.
Horizontal Vertical 3 Tilt
Coverage
Scenario ID Scenario Description 3 dB dB Adjustment Azimuth Adjustment Range
Scenario
Beamwidth Beamwidth Range
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used to provide wide horizontal coverage.
This type of configuration is suitable for public squares or large buildings. The
SCENARIO_1 Square horizontal coverage in this scenario is better than that in SCENARIO_2. The 110° 6° –2° to +9° 0°
coverage near the cell center in this scenario is slightly poorer than that in
SCENARIO_2.
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used. When there are strong interference
sources in neighboring cells, the horizontal coverage of a cell can be reduced to
SCENARIO_2 Interference 90° 6° –2° to +9° –10° to +10°
mitigate the interference from neighboring cells. This configuration is suitable for
low-rise coverage as the vertical coverage angle is the smallest.
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used. When there are strong interference  –22° to +22°
sources in neighboring cells, the horizontal coverage of a cell can be reduced to  32T 8H4V (AAU5310): The azimuth
SCENARIO_3 Interference 65° 6° –2° to +9°
mitigate the interference from neighboring cells. This configuration is suitable for cannot be adjusted in this scenario.
low-rise coverage as the vertical coverage angle is the smallest.  8T 8H1V (RRU5258): –10° to +10°
 –32° to +32°
SCENARIO_4 Building This configuration is for low-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 45° 6° –2° to +9°
 8T 8H1V (RRU5258): –22° to +22°
 –42° to +42°
SCENARIO_5 Building This configuration is for low-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 25° 6° –2° to +9°
 8T 8H1V (RRU5258): –32° to +32°
Mid-rise coverage Non-standard 3-sector networking is used to provide coverage for mid-rise
SCENARIO_6 110° 12° 0° to 6° 0°
and public square buildings. This configuration provides the best horizontal coverage.
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used. When there are strong interference
sources in neighboring cells, the horizontal coverage of a cell can be reduced to  –10° to +10°
Mid-rise coverage
SCENARIO_7 mitigate the interference from neighboring cells. This configuration is suitable for 90° 12° 0° to 6°  32T 16H2V (AAU5324): The azimuth
with interference
covering mid-rise buildings as the vertical coverage angle is larger than that in cannot be adjusted in this scenario.
SCENARIO_1 to SCENARIO_5.

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 Scenario-based Broadcast Beams
Horizontal Vertical 3 Tilt
Coverage Azimuth Adjustment
Scenario ID Scenario Description 3 dB dB Adjustment
Scenario Range
Beamwidth Beamwidth Range
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used. When there are strong interference
sources in neighboring cells, the horizontal coverage of a cell can be reduced
Mid-rise coverage
SCENARIO_8 to mitigate the interference from neighboring cells. This configuration is suitable 65° 12° 0° to 6° –22° to +22°
with interference
for covering mid-rise buildings as the vertical coverage angle is larger than that
in SCENARIO_1 to SCENARIO_5.
SCENARIO_9 Mid-rise building This configuration is for mid-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 45° 12° 0° to 6° –32° to +32°
SCENARIO_10 Mid-rise building This configuration is for mid-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 25° 12° 0° to 6° –42° to +42°
SCENARIO_11 Mid-rise building This configuration is for mid-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 15° 12° 0° to 6° –47° to +47°
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used to provide coverage for high-rise
Public square and
SCENARIO_12 buildings and the best horizontal coverage. This configuration is recommended 110° 25° 6° 0°
high-rise building
when broadcast channels are required to reflect the coverage of data channels.
 –22° to +22°
 32T 16H2V (AAU5324):
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used. When there are strong interference
–10° to +10°
High-rise coverage sources in neighboring cells, the horizontal coverage of a cell can be reduced
SCENARIO_13 65° 25° 6°  32T 8H4V (AAU5310):
with interference to mitigate the interference from neighboring cells. This configuration is suitable
The azimuth cannot be
for high-rise coverage as the vertical coverage angle is the largest.
adjusted in this
scenario.
 –32° to +32°
SCENARIO_14 High-rise building This configuration is for high-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 45° 25° 6°  32T 16H2V (AAU5324):
–22° to +22°
 –42° to +42°
SCENARIO_15 High-rise building This configuration is for high-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 25° 25° 6°  32T 16H2V (AAU5324):
–32° to +32°
SCENARIO_16 High-rise building This configuration is for high-rise buildings and hotspot coverage. 15° 25° 6° –47° to +47°

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Content

1 5G Introduction

2 5G Network Architecture and Key Features

3 5G Product

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Baseband

—Baseband units support the deployment of the eNodeBin NR-NSA:

—Baseband 5212/5216/6620/6630
—NextGenBaseband for demanding sites containing mmWand AAS radios, Mixed-mode
LTE/NR (2021)

—The deployment of the gNodeBin NR-NSA is supported with Baseband 6630

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Baseband 6630

—Optimized for main-remote configurations

—19 inch wide, 1U high, <352mm deep
—15 SFP/SFP+ for CPRI inter-connect to Radio Units reducing
the need for Baseband R503
—2 optical 1/10Gbps SFP/SFP+ ports and 2 electrical 1Gbps
RJ45 ports
—Eight External Alarm ports
—Dual 48V DC power feeding
—Self-contained environmental control & field replaceable fan
unit
—Hardware Prepared for NR (5G) and eCPRI

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NR capable Radios and Bands

All radio products within Ericsson Radio System

delivered since 2015 will support 5G New Radio (NR) capability
through remote software installation

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AIR 5331 39GHz
RF band support:37.0-40.0 GHz
Architecture:4 PAAM (Phased Antenna Array Module),
192 TX/RX per PAAM (768 TX/RX total), 2 MIMO layers
per PAAM (8 total)
Total EIRP +60dBm
IBW:3 GHz
OBW:200MHz per PAAM (total 4 x 200 = 800MHz)
Carriers supported: 50, 100, 200MHz (Hardware
prepared)
Fronthaul IF:One CPRI8 (10.1Gbps) per 200MHz using 2
MIMO layers (Max 4 CPRI8)
Installation type: Pole/wall mounted
Weight:~14 kg (~31 lbs.)
Volume:~16.5 liters (~4.4 gal)
Size(HxWxD):~610x300x90mm (~24.0x11.8x3.5 inches)
Cooling: Passive
IP Class: IP65

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 Thank You

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