LESSON 1:

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL
EVENTS IN
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started
in the early 16th century up to the18th century in Europe.
• It was the Period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed, the views
of society about nature.
• The ideas generated during this period enabled the people
to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and
their way of life.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
•Science is as old as the world itself. There is
no individual that can exactly identify when
and where Science began. From the genesis of
time, Science has existed. It is always
interwoven with the society. So, how can
science be defined?
HOW SCIENCE WAS
DEFINED?
•Science as an idea.
•Science as an intellectual activity.
•Science as a body of knowledge.
•Science as a Personal and Social
activity.
 SCIENCE
IDEAS

SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIO
N

HUMANS SOCIETY

INFLUENCES TO SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• The SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION was a GOLDEN AGE,
BUT ONLY FOR THOSE COMMITED TO
SCHOLARLY LIFE IN SCIENCE.
• Despite the challenges, scientists continued to pursue
learning new ideas and improve the conduct of scientific
investigations, experiments, and observations.
• Truly, the scientific revolution significantly transformed
the natural world and the world of ideas.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND
THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
 CREATIVIT SCIENCE
Y SCIENTISTS IDEAS

PASSION TO SCIENCE
CURIOSITY KNOW DISCOVERIE
S

PASSION TO
CRITICAL DISCOVER TECHNOLOG
THINKING Y

VARIABLES THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IDEAS, SCIENCE DISCOVERIES,

AND TECHNOLOGY.
 NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
“COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRISM”
• Copernicus lived during the Renaissance period
when knowledge about the universe was largely
unchanged since Ancient Greece.
• His ideas challenged the prevailing geocentric model of
the universe.

• Influenced by Johannes Mäeller's book

"Epitome," which discussed observations of the
heavens and earlier works like Ptolemy's.
• Copernicus completed his model of the universe by
1510, which placed the Sun at the center and had
planets orbiting around it.
• He circulated a summary of his ideas in a manuscript
called "Commentariolus" to close friends.
 NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
• Despite having completed his model early, Copernicus
faced challenges in formal publication due to his duties
as a canon and a doctor.

• Concerns about persecution by the Church did not deter

him from pursuing his ideas.

• "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" was

published in 1543, often regarded as the start of the
scientific revolution.
• The model proposed by Copernicus provided a logical
sequence for planetary motion and challenged the
geocentric view.
• Copernicus's model faced criticism and was considered
heretical by the Catholic Church, leading to its ban and
being ignored by Rome in the 16th century.
 CHARLES DARWIN
“EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION” Click icon to add picture
• A British naturalist who was born in The Mount
House, Shrewsbury on the 12th February 1809. A
naturalist is someone who studies things in nature such
as animals and plants and how they live. He is best
known for his theory of evolution.
• Charles Darwin developed the idea of natural selection
after a five-year voyage to study plants, animals, and
fossils in South America and on islands in the Pacific. In
1589, he brought the idea of natural selection to the

attention of the world in his best-selling book, “On

the Origin of Species”.

 CHARLES DARWIN
“EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION” Click icon to add picture
• He stated that various species arise from single
species adaptations to
through
environment, and species changes
over time.
• Darwin’s accomplishments made major
contributions in two fields: Evolutionary
Biology and Philosophy of Science.
• Darwin's theory of evolution completely
changed the foundational premise for teaching
Science.
 SIGMUND FREUD Click icon to add picture
• Freud is renowned in psychology and
described as a towering literary figure who
raised awareness of psychological matters.
• Developed the method of Psychoanalysis, a
scientific approach to studying the human
mind and neurotic illness.
• This method provided a reliable observational
method for understanding human nature.
• Freud's psychoanalytic method had a
significant impact on scientific understanding
and the study of human behavior.
 SIGMUND FREUD Click icon to add picture
• It proved effective in understanding neurological
conditions not previously understood by medicine.

• Freud's unorthodox focus on human sexuality

and the darker aspects of human nature
posed challenges for scholars and the public.
• Some found his ideas on human sexuality difficult to
accept.

• Freud's contributions extend beyond psychology,

influencing art, literature, philosophy,
politics, and psychotherapy.
• His ideas and theories continue to inspire
examination of the human mind and behavior in a
scientifically accepted manner.
 CRADLES OF
EARLY SCIENCE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
 MAYAN
CIVILIZATION Click icon to add picture
• Advanced astronomy knowledge
integrated into religious structures.
• Predicted eclipses and used astrological
cycles for agriculture.
• Developed two calendar systems for
timekeeping.
• Technological advancements in agriculture,
city-building, and arts.
• Innovations in writing system (Mayan
hieroglyphics) and mathematics (concept of
zero).
 MAYAN
CIVILIZATION Click icon to add picture
• The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth
and devised a rainbow of glittery
paints made from a mineral called mica.
• They are considered as one of most
scientifically advanced societies in
Mesoamerica.
• They are also believed to be one of the first
people to produce rubber products
3,000 years before Goodyear received its
patent in 1844.
 INVENTIONS DURING THIS CIVILIZATION

A Calendar Round date

gives the position of a
given day in both the
260-daycount
(Tzolk'in) and the 365-
day count (Haab).
MAYAN NUMBER Mayan
SYSTEM hieroglyphics
 INCA
CIVILIZATION Click icon to add picture
• Pioneered stone-paved roads and
earthquake-resistant architecture.
• Mastered irrigation and water storage
techniques.
• Developed a 12-month calendar for
religious and agricultural planning.

• Innovated suspension bridges and quipu

(knotted rope records).
• Achievements in textile arts and
craftsmanship.
 AZTEC
CIVILIZATION Click icon to add picture
• Instituted mandatory education
regardless of social class, gender, or age.

• Developed chocolate as a cultural and

economic staple.

• Utilized antispasmodic medication for

medicinal purposes.

• Innovated Chinampa agricultural system

for efficient farming.

• Created the Aztec calendar for planning

rituals and activities.
• Invented the canoe for water transportation.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
ASIA
 INDIA Click icon to add picture
• Metallurgy- India known for manufacturing
high-quality iron and steel, esteemed in Roman
Empire.

• Medicine- Ayurveda, ancient Indian system of

medicine, originated before 2500 BC. Ancient
texts like Susruta Samhita describe surgical
procedures and medicinal properties of plants.
• Astronomy- Developed theories on universe
configuration, spherical Earth, and 360-day year
with 12 equal months. Siddhanta Shiromani
text covers various astronomical topics, written
in the 12th century.
 INDIA Click icon to add picture
• Mathematics- Earliest mathematical
knowledge traced back to Indus Valley
Civilization. Aryabhata introduced
trigonometric functions and algebraic
algorithms in Aryabhatiya. Brahmagupta
proposed gravity as a force of attraction and
explained the use of zero. Madhava of
Sangamagrama is considered the founder of
mathematical analysis.
 CHINA Click icon to add picture
• The Chinese civilizations influenced many of
its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan,
Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia,
Myanmar, and other countries that belong to
the old Silk Road.

• The Chinese are known for traditional

medicines which they discovered various
medical properties and uses of different
plants and animals to cure human illness.
Example is the practice of acupuncture.
 CHINA Click icon to add picture
• Chinese discoveries and inventions of
the civilizations compass,
were
papermaking, gunpowder, and
printing tools that became known in
the West only by the end of the Middle
Ages (Davies, 1995).
• They also invented other tools like
iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller, among others.
 CHINA Click icon to add picture
• They developed a design of different models of
bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983), invented
the first seismological detector, and developed a
dry dock facility (Needham et al., 1971).
• In astronomy, the Chinese also made significant
records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses,
and comets, (Mayall, 1939).
• They used lunar calendars, too.
• The Chinese are also known in seismology.
• According to Needham (1986), it is the
religious and philosophical framework of
Chinese intellectuals that made them unable to
accept the ideas of laws of nature.
 MIDDLE EAST
COUNTRIES
Click icon to add picture
• Golden Age of Islam- Flourished from
the 7th to 13th centuries.
• Common language: Arabic; access to
Greek and Indian texts.
• Emphasis on science experiments over
thought experiments.
• Development of the scientific method,
focusing on empirical evidence.
• Ibn al-Haytham, the Father of Optics,
provided empirical proof of light theories.
 MIDDLE EAST
COUNTRIES
Click icon to add picture
• Mathematics- Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Khwarizmi introduced the algorithm
concept. Term "algebra" derived from al-jabr,
from one of al-Khwarizmi's publications.
Muslim mathematicians refined the Arabic
Numeral System, adding decimal notation.

• Chemistry- Muslim chemists and

alchemists laid foundations for modern
chemistry. Jabir ibn Hayyän, considered
the "Father of Chemistry," made
significant contributions.
 MIDDLE EAST
COUNTRIES
Click icon to add picture
• Medicines- Ibn Sina, pioneered
experimental medicine and conducted
clinical trials. Works like the Book of
Healing and The Canon of Medicine were
standard texts. Discovered contagious nature
of diseases and introduced clinical
pharmacology.
• Overall Contributions- Numerous scholars
contributed to science, mathematics,
astronomy, philosophy, and social sciences.
Decline attributed to Mongol conquests in
the 11th to 13th centuries, leading to
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
AFRICA
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
• Advanced in astronomy, mathematics,
and medicine. Developed geometry
for land preservation and
construction. Known for alchemy,
human anatomy, and pharmacology
studies.
• Astronomy- Africans used lunar,
solar, and stellar calendars.
Demonstrated advanced
understanding of celestial
 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
• Metallurgy- North Africa and Nile Valley
imported iron technology, benefiting from
Bronze Age advancements. Invented metal
tools for agriculture and construction.
• Mathematics- Oldest known mathematical
artifact, the Lebombo Bone, dates back to
35,000 BCE. Ancient Egyptians proficient
in basic arithmetic, algebra, and geometry.
Islamic regions in Africa during medieval
period excelled in advanced mathematics
like algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.