An overview of Man,

Society, Community, State,

& State Structure
under
parliamentary form of Government
 SOCIETY
• Society originally means ‘companionship’ and
‘association’. It is in-fact “The whole system
of social relationship.”
• A system in which people live together in
organized communities.
 EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
• Impossible to trace back the date of origin

• Early society was different in many aspects

• The society has reached at its present form through the operation of
various factors, i. e.
A. KINSHIP (family the earliest society kinship or blood relationship).
B. RELIGION ( clan, group of families , further increase, Religion
entered, helped in development of society).
C. POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS
 SOCIETY AND INDIVIDUAL
• In earlier periods more importance was given to the society
than to the individual.
• The individual was for the society and not the society for the
individual.
• The head of the society was allowed to exercise a strict
control and autocratic powers over its members. He had,
generally, the powers even over life and the death of the
individuals.
• The modern age has appreciated the importance of the
individual.
• Now, Society is regarded as the means (resources) and the
individual as the end needs.
• The modern society is for the individual and not the individual
for the society.
• Now society aims at the welfare of individuals.

• Modern Society offers individuals the best opportunities for

their self-development. According to modern opinion, social
welfare is nothing but the totality of individual welfare.
 Community
• Community is the entire population held
together by a common system of rules
regulating the contact of life.
 STATE
There is always need of such a powerful organization that
organizes the society to Ensure the rule of peaceful
coexistence. That organization is called state.
In another words Politically organized society is called “STATE”,
where man enjoys many rights in a state, he has to perform some
duties and then he becomes the “CITIZEN” of that state.
The State is a comity of person more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
independent of external control, possessing an
organized government to which the great body of
inhabitants render habitual obedience.
(Prof.
Garner)
 Government
• Pakistan is a federal republic with three
tiers of government:
• National, Provincial and Local.
Local government is protected by the
constitution in Articles 32 and 140-A, and
each province also has its own local-
government-enabling legislation and
ministries responsible for implementation.
• Pakistan is divided into four provinces and 132
districts.
• KP is divided into seven divisions and 34
districts;
• Balochistan into seven divisions and 33 districts;
• Punjab into nine divisions and 36 districts; and
• Sindh into seven divisions and 29 districts.
• Balochistan constitutes 44 per cent of Pakistan’s
total area but its population density is low.
 Parliamentary form of Government

State

Physical or Material Elements Political and Spiritual

Elements

Population Territory Government Sovereignty

Legislature Executive Judiciary

 Elements of State

A. Physical / Material Elements

1. POPULATION

Essential element
No definite principle
Plato 5040
Aristotle 10,000

2. TERRITORY
Must be Clearly demarcated and undisputed
 B. POLITICAL/ SPIRITUAL ELEMENTS
Three pillars of state

Legislature, Executive, Judiciary

Government

Government means an agency through which the policies of the state

are formulated, expressed and executed.

All work of the Government is carried out through three organs.

 Organs of the Government
Legislature
Entrusted with the function of making laws
Executive
Enforces these laws and sees that they are obeyed.
Judiciary
Applies laws to the individual cases, decides
wherever there is any breach of law and pronounce
judgment.
 Upper Senate
House (Indirectly Elected)
Legislature National
Lower Assembly
House (Directly Elected)
• Currently, there are a total of 342 seats in the National Assembly. Of these, 272 are filled
by direct elections.
• the Senate consists of 100 members.t
•70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities
A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority
 1. Federal Minister
2. Minister of State

Cabinet 3. Advisors
4. Special Assistants
5. Parliamentary
Secretaries

Executive
1. Entry Level Officer
2. Section Officer
Bureaucra 3. Deputy Secretary
4. Joint Secretary
Ministries cy 5. Additional
Divisions Secretary
Departments
6. Secretary
 THE JUDICIARY

(The constitution of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve, protect and
defend the constitution) two classes of courts:
• THE SUPERIOR (OR HIGHER) JUDICIARY
– The Supreme Court of Pakistan
– The Federal Shariat Court
– Five High Courts (Four Provinces & 1 ICT)
• THE SUBORDINATE (OR LOWER) JUDICIARY.

The subordinate judiciary consists of

– Civil courts (courts were established by the West Pakistan Civil Court Ordinance 1964)
– Criminal district courts, (The criminal courts were created under the Criminal Procedure Code 1898)
– Specialized courts covering banking, insurance, customs and excise, smuggling, drugs, terrorism,
taxation, the environment, consumer protection, and corruption.
– Revenue courts that operate under the West Pakistan Land Revenue Act 1967..
2. Sovereignty
It is the supreme power of the state that
enables it to enforce its will over the
individuals and institutions in a state.
 Assignment
• What is mean of parliamentary form of
government?
• Explain three tiers of governments in the contest of
Pakistan.
• How many seats exists in national assembly and
senate assembly. (seats division)
• How we directly selects representatives in
notational and provincial assembly.
• How parliamentarian indirectly select the
representatives for senate assembly?
Different Types of Government Around
the World
• Basic Types of Government
– Authoritarian
– In an authoritarian regime, the government has
total control. Authoritarian regimes have typically
earned this control by forceful means. While this
seems pretty cut and dried, it is anything.
Authoritarian regimes aren’t always easy to
recognize. They might still hold elections and have
branches of government, but only a small group
holds the power, not the people. A good worldly
example of an authoritarian government is Cuba.
• In other words, authoritarianism is a form
of government characterized by the
rejection of political plurality, the use of a
strong central power to preserve the
political status quo, and reductions in the
rule of law, separation of powers, and
democratic voting.
• Democracy
– Another big government type is democracy, which is an
example of a limited government. In direct contrast to an
authoritarian government, a democracy exists when the
people hold the power. Different types of democracy include
direct and representative. If you’ve ever wondered about
the United States’ government type, democracy is your
answer. But they’re not the only example of democracy in
the world. Canada, Sweden, and Columbia, Pakistan, India
are a few other examples.
• Monarchy
– A monarchy isn’t as common as a democracy, but you still
hear about them. In a monarchy, one family rules the
roost, so to speak. And their title is passed down through
the generations.
– However, much like a democracy, who is in charge isn’t
totally cut and dried.
– In an absolute monarchy, the king or ruler is in control of
all the government. The more common
constitutional monarchy has a royal family, but they serve
mostly as ceremonial figures. As an example, think of the
United Kingdom and Queen Elizabeth. She is the queen,
but the parliament has most government control.
• Oligarchy
– Similar to a monarchy, an oligarchy places
power in a few people. However, titles aren’t
passed down through the family or even
from one person. Instead, it could be a
group of people such as a country’s wealthy.
The power might be passed down from one
family to another, but it has nothing to do
with bloodlines. Examples through history
include China and the Soviet Union.
• Totalitarian
– When you think of a totalitarian government
, it takes absolute power to the extreme.
These leaders control not only the
government but the personal lives of their
people. Citizens have no say in government,
and the totalitarian regime is 100% in
charge. This type of government is forceful
and extreme. Remember Hitler and Nazi
Germany. That was totalitarianism at play!
• Anarchy
– Anarchy isn’t a type of government; it’s
actually the absence of one (Rule of law). In
an anarchist society, a central governing
body doesn’t exist. Many times, anarchy will
take center stage when a government
collapses. A few historical examples include
Albania in 1997 and
Germany after the first world war.
• Aristocracy
– To remember aristocracy, think aristocrat.
In an aristocracy, the wealthy or noble hold
the power. These privileged few leaders
make up the ruling class or elite.
Historically, Ancient Greece had an
aristocratic government. A modern example
is the royal family in the U.K., and to some
aspects, the Kennedys in the United States.
• Dictatorship
• Typically, a dictatorship goes hand-in-hand with
an authoritarian and totalitarian government. In
this government form, a dictator rules. And they
typically assert their authority using military
power, which is called a military dictatorship.
There have been many dictatorships throughout
history. Famous examples include Joseph Stalin’s
rule of the Soviet Union and Saddam Hussein’s
rule of Iraq. North Korea falls into this list as well.
• Federalism
• Federalism is all about dividing power. Not only does
the government have central power, but local states
or regions also have their own specific powers. For
example, in the U.S., the federal government is the
central power, but the individual states all have their
own regional and state governing laws. This means
state laws might be different in California.
• Republicanism
– Many times, you see ‘Republic’ this or ‘
Republic of’ that. When something is a true
republic as in republicanism, it means the
citizens have the power. They have the voting
power and the power to make changes in their
government. Now, republicanism can get quite
confusing because it typically goes hand-in-
hand with federalism and theocracy.
Examples include France and India.