ENERGY

RESOURCES
Topics covered
• Energy resources – meaning
• Classification of energy resources
• Availability of energy resources
• Demand for energy resources
• Benefits of energy resources
• Reasons for degradation
• Impact of degradation
• Transition to green energy
• Government measures
• Way Forward
• Conclusion
What are Energy
Resources ?

• Natural Resources that

can be converted into
various energy forms to
meet the needs of
humans.

• This energy can be in the

form of Mechanical,
Electricity, Heat, Nuclear
etc.
Classification of energy resources

E.g. – Solar energy,

\
Renewable Geothermal Energy
Energy Resources
E.g.- Fossil Fuels,
Non – Renewable
Nuclear Energy
 Renewable Energy Resources
These are the ones which can be replenished naturally within a finite
human timescale.
Some of the most common Renewable Energy Resources :-
• Solar Energy :- Convert sunlight into electricity using PV (Photovoltaic)
Panels.
• Hydroelectric Energy :- Utilize the Kinetic energy of flowing water to turn
the turbines, which in turn produce electrical energy from mechanical
energy.
• Geothermal Energy :- Harnessed from the heat stored beneath the
surface of the earth through geothermal plants and is used for generating
electricity or heat.
• Biomass :- Obtained from natural residues, resources and wastes. These
are directly used as biofuels.
E.g. – Cow Dung Cakes, Firewood.
 Non – Renewable energy
resources
These are the ones when completely used, cannot be replenished
again naturally within a finite human time scale
Might take Thousands and Millions of years to Replenish Again.
Some of the most common Non – Renewable Energy Resources are
• Fossil Fuels :- Formed by the action of heat and pressure on
organic materials over millions of years. E.g. – Coal, Petroleum.
• Nuclear Energy :- Formed by fission of Uranium atoms in a nuclear
Reactor. The heat generated is in turn converted into electricity.
Since Uranium is available in limited quantities, it comes under this
classification.
Availability of Energy Resources

Graphs from Energy Resources India 2023

“Outlooks vary across sectors (McKinsey, 2023)."
 Demand
• Demand for energy slated to Increase. Energy use has doubled
since 2000, with around 80% of demand still being met by coal,
oil and solid biomass.

• However, India continues to lag on key indicators.

• Post-COVID, India has seen increase in energy demand and a

decrease in share of goal amongst total energy demand.
BENEFITS RECIEVED FROM
SOURCES OF ENERGY
1. WIND ENERGY
• Clean and renewable
• Cost effective

2. SOLAR ENERGY
• Independent source
• Low maintenance
• Safer and maximum usage

3. TIDAL ENERGY :
• Continuous and predictable
• Longevity of equipment
4. HYDRAULIC ENERGY :
• Offers recreational opportunities
• Highly flexible

5. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY :
• Always available
• Doesn’t require large spaces
• Silent energy, and double recycling
• Increasing returns to scale
REASONS FOR DEGRADATION
OF ENERGY RESOURCES
The degradation of energy resource refer to the decline in quality and availability of these
resources over time due to various factors. This depletion in the quality and quantity available is
primarily due to overexploitation and technological limitations.
Overexploitation:
Population growth : When population grows, there is a higher demand for energy to power
homes, transport, industries and various other activities. This increased demand can lead to
over exploitation of finite resources like fossil fuels[coal, oil, natural gas].
Energy intensive agriculture : With a larger population there is a greater need for food
production. Since modern day agriculture is mostly energy based, the increased food production
puts more pressure on energy resources. [The direct energy needed include energy for land
preparation, cultivation, irrigation, transport, storage etc]
Urbanisation : Urban areas require vast amount of energy for transportation, building and
infrastructure further increasing the strain over energy resources.
Infrastructure : To accommodate the growing population, we need better infrastructure
facilities like roads, buildings, bridges etc all these require energy resources as inputs.
Industrialisation: Industrialisation leads to an increased demand for energy resources.
Factories, manufacturing units and all other industrial activity require energy resources. This
high demand puts a strain on the availability of the energy resources, especially non-renewable
resources like fossil fuels.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration , in its
IEO2021 predicted nearly 50%increase in global
energy use from 2020-50,primarly because of
population growth.
Technological limitation:

• Technological limitation is another major

factor which leads to decline in the
availability of energy resources.
• In the case of fossil fuels, once the easily
accessible reserves are exhausted,
accessing the remaining become costly and
challenging due lack of efficient technology.
• Similarly in the case of nuclear energy
resources, it is high time to find out
advanced nuclear technologies[uranium,
the most used energy resource, according
to reports is expected to be depleted in a
century].
• The graph shows the world uranium production and
requirement [source: world nuclear association]
 Impact of energy resources:
ENERGY RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENT:
Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases,
contributing to climate change and environmental
degradation on global scale.
Nuclear energy production generates radioactive
waste, requires careful and secure management to
prevent contamination and health hazards.
Extraction process like mining and drilling can
cause significant environmental damage, including
habitat destruction, water and soil pollution and
landscape alteration.
Large scale deployment of renewable energy
infrastructure, such as solar farms and wind
turbines can lead to habitat loss and
fragmentation, affecting local ecosystem and
Energy as an agent of
economic growth
• Energy resources and economies are deeply connected. Energy is the fundamental input for
economic activities.Economies rich in diverse energy resources often have a competitive
advantage. Energy plays a crucial role in production process across various sectors of the
economy, any fluctuation in the energy price can affect production cost, price of goods and
services and over all economic activity.
• Energy is required to produce products and services on the customer or vendor side, and it is
used in all stages of the supply chain. Energy is also required in all aspects of the client or
customer side to purchase the products or services. In the wider picture, energy is required for
the extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal of products and materials.
• Economic development includes industrialization and urbanization which are associated with
higher energy consumption. Economic growth in turn can drive innovation and investment in
clean energy technology to reduce environmental impacts.
Energy Consumption Theory
• The Energy Consumption Theory (sometimes referred to as Energy Cost
Theory) states that the cost of using energy resources in production
and service business operations can be compensated by the overall
positive economical impact of these operations.
• The positive economical impact is due to the fact that the residual and
incremental innovations in the businesses lead to overall improvement
in economy due to the random induced demand multiplier effect on
monetary transactions. The mentioned induced demand improvement
in monetary transactions not only boosts the economy and improves
the living standard of people.
 Transition to Green Energy
• The landscape-UNIPCC and WEF recommendations,
increased vulnerability due to various factors.
• Prior record- marked shift in energy mix, alternative energy
sources growing cheaper but fossils to be instrumental in
future due to increased demand for energy
• Priorities – air pollution, water security, geopolitical
considerations, digitalisation.
• Advantages- shift activity away from fossil fuel, democratise
energy production
• Sectoral growth- absolute and relative
• Opportunities- Grid Integration, Smart Grids, Digital
Transformation, Storage Systems, Carriage (Deloitte, 2020)
• Sector-specific opportunities
• Electrification- can electric vehicles take off in India?
• Sector-specific challenges
• Outline of mechanism for prospective investments (Deloitte.
2020: Nevanath and Mishra, 2023)
 Annual growth in power generation the last 10 years
45.00%

40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

-5.00%

Growth in fossil fuel generation (%) Growth in Renewable Generation (including Hydropower) (%)
8.21% 2.66% 6.91% Growth in Non-Fossil Fuel (RE + Nuclear) Generation (%) 8.21% 2.66% 6.91% Growth in Total Generation (%)
Installed Generation Capacity in 2023 (Fossil Fuel-wise) Loan Portfolio of IREDA

6%
3%
23%

Coal
43% 30%
Total Fossil Fuels
50%
13%

9%
17%

Gas
5% Wind Energy Small Hydro Power
Lignite Others (Mfg, WTE, EEC) Loan facilities to State Utlities
Diesel 1% Solar energy Short term loans
0% Biomass and Cogen
 Government measures for
conservation of energy resources
• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan
Mahabhiyan Scheme (PMKUSUM Scheme)
• Electricity Act 2003
• Atal Akshay Urja Bhawan
• Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for Afforestation
• Fly Ash Utilisation Action Plan
• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• National Green Hydrogen Mission
• Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT)
• Green Hydrogen Hubs
• Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA)
 Way Forward
• 500GW Non-Fossil Fuel Target

• Pradhan Mantri Suryodhay Yojana

• Future research by the government in renewable energy resources

• Financing such Green Energy Projects and providing incentives to

people to adopt such forms of green energy

• Planning transmission systems and implementation them in various

states to create renewable energy

• To increase the share of various green energy resources used in India

 CONCLUSION
Through this presentation, we have attempted to cover all the
aspects surrounding energy resources. We understand that the
two types of energy resources, renewable and non-renewable
are both extremely useful and essential resources for mankind.
The reasons for their degradation have been elaborated in
detail and we understand that over exploitation is one of the
primary reasons for energy crises. The only way forward is to
ensure that we collectively preserve and under utilise our
energy resources as much as possible to prevent a total loss of
our energy resources.
 Division of Work
Introduction of energy resources - Anirudh
Types of energy resources - Anirudh
Availability of energy resources - Anish
Benefits of energy resources - Mahathi
Reasons for degradation of resources - Gowri
Impact of degradation of resources - Gowri
Transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy -
Anish
Government measures for conservation of energy resources -
Shreya
Way Forward - Shreya
Conclusion - Mahathi
References
https://powermin.gov.in/sites/default/files/uploads/power_sector_at_glance_J
an_2024.pdf
World Bank's "The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable
Development in the New Millennium" (2011).
US energy administration, IEO 2021
https://world-nuclear.org/
https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/500gw-nonfossil-fuel-target
https://www.india.gov.in/spotlight/pm-kusum-pradhan-mantri-kisan-urja-suraksha-
evam-utthaan-mahabhiyan-scheme
https://pmkusum.mnre.gov.in/landing.html
https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/protection-environment
https://mnre.gov.in/national-green-hydrogen-mission/
https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/over-10000-mw-sol
ar-projects-commissioned-indias-total-solar-potential-at-748-gwp-r-k-singh/10750
8255?utm_source=top_news&utm_medium=tagListing
https://www.ireda.in/home
THANK YOU!