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Statistical Inferenace 1

Statistical inference allows researchers to make inferences about unknown population parameters based on a random sample from that population. There are two main types: estimation and hypothesis testing. Estimation uses sample statistics like the mean or proportion to calculate a point estimate and confidence interval for the corresponding population parameter. Hypothesis testing determines if the sample provides enough evidence to reject or fail to reject claims about the population. The document provides examples of constructing confidence intervals for population means using samples from normal distributions with both known and unknown variances.

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33 views9 pages

Statistical Inferenace 1

Statistical inference allows researchers to make inferences about unknown population parameters based on a random sample from that population. There are two main types: estimation and hypothesis testing. Estimation uses sample statistics like the mean or proportion to calculate a point estimate and confidence interval for the corresponding population parameter. Hypothesis testing determines if the sample provides enough evidence to reject or fail to reject claims about the population. The document provides examples of constructing confidence intervals for population means using samples from normal distributions with both known and unknown variances.

Uploaded by

jayomaer
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistical inference

Dr. Mohamed Alzawi


 Introduction:
Statistical inference is a procedure whereby inferences about a population are made on the
basis of results obtained from a simple random sample drawn from that certain population.
The process of estimation entails calculating, from the data of a simple random sample, a
statistics that is offered as an estimation of the corresponding parameter of the population
from which the random sample was drawn. In other word, statistical inference is used to
answer research questions about some population parameters. There are two types of
statistical inference, Estimation and Hypothesis testing

Definitions and basic ideas related to population and sample:


 A population is a group consisting of the numerical values of a quantifiable characteristic
determined on each member of a population of units.
 A sample is some finite subset of the observations from a population of observations.
 A parameter is a summary descriptive characteristic of a population of observations.
 A statistic is a summary descriptive characteristic of a sample of observations.
Estimation
It is a statistical method that can be used to approximate the actual values of the
population parameters by using a sample statistic. There are two types of estimation, point
estimation and interval Estimation

 Point estimation:
The point estimate is our “best guess” for the value of an unknown parameter. It is a sample
statistic that we calculate from our data. In other words, the point estimation is a single
numerical value used to estimate the corresponding unknown population parameter, For
example, the sample mean is a point estimate for the population mean and the sample
variance is a point estimate for the population variance. However, having access to the data
of a random sample and knowledge of statistical theory, we can do more than just providing a
point estimate.
Statistical inference may be done about any population parameter however, in this course we
will describe with full details how to use statistical inference tools in the following cases:
- The mean of a single population mean ().
- The difference between two independent population means ().
- Comparison between the means of two related populations (or the same population (before
and after). (Paired Samples)
- The proportion of a single population (P).
- The test of independence.
 Confidence interval, (C.I) for a unknown population mean.
The sample mean = is used as a point estimator of the population mean () and interval
estimate of is an interval ( L, U ) containing the true value of with probability 1-
(1- is called the confidence coefficient
L is called a lower limit of confidence interval
U is called upper limit of confidence interval
Confidence interval for a population mean:
There are two possible ways for constructing the confidence interval for a population
mean:

a. If , ,… is a simple random sample of size n 30 from a normal distribution with


known variance than a (1-% confidence interval for a unknown population mean is
given by:
P (-+%

b. If , ,… is a simple random sample of size n from normal distribution with unknown


variance and n then (1- 100% confidence interval for a unknown population mean is
given by:
P (- + %
Where is tabled value of t-distribution with level of significance and n-1 degree of freedom.
Example 1:
A manufacturer of a certain brand of light bulbs claims that the average life of this brand is µ
hours with variance of 25. A simple random sample of 100 bulbs shows an average of 40
hours.
 Construct 95% confidence intervals for the average life of the light bulbs?

Solution

Since the significant confidence is % = 95% so = 1- 0.95 = 0.05, then

P (-+%
40 1.96 40 1.96

40 0.98 40 0.98
39.02 40.98
Example 2:
The maker of a certain car model claimed that his car averaged no more than 31 miles per
gallon of regular gasoline. A random sample of 9 cars was selected and each car was driven
with one Gallon of regular gasoline. The sample showed a mean of 32.43miles with standard
deviation of 3 miles.
 Construct 90% confidence intervals for the population mean?

Solution
Since the significant confidence is % = 90% so = 1- 0.90 = 0.1,
then , = 1.860
P (- + %

30.57 ≤ μ ≤ 34.29

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