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LESSON 7 - Prepositions, Conjunctions, & Interjections

This document discusses different parts of speech including prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It provides examples and definitions for each part of speech. For prepositions, it explains that they show the relationship between words and are often used in prepositional phrases. It also discusses two-word verbs that combine a verb and preposition. For conjunctions, it describes different types like coordinating, correlative, conjunctive adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. Finally, it defines interjections as words used to show emotion or impact.

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93 views21 pages

LESSON 7 - Prepositions, Conjunctions, & Interjections

This document discusses different parts of speech including prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It provides examples and definitions for each part of speech. For prepositions, it explains that they show the relationship between words and are often used in prepositional phrases. It also discusses two-word verbs that combine a verb and preposition. For conjunctions, it describes different types like coordinating, correlative, conjunctive adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. Finally, it defines interjections as words used to show emotion or impact.

Uploaded by

jessieboymiguel8
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PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS
 A preposition is the part of speech we use to show the relationship of
a noun or noun substitute with another word in a sentence. A
preposition is normally used with a noun or pronoun in a word group
called a prepositional phrase.
 For example:
 The first preposition in has the noun mode as its object. The
second preposition for has the pronoun which as its object.
These phrases tell us something about the relationship
between the noun system and the verb designed. Some of the
most common prepositions are provided in the following
table.
USES OF PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASES
 As mentioned earlier, a preposition combines with a noun or pronoun to
form prepositional phrases. When included as part of a sentence,
prepositional phrases are most often used as adjectives and adverbs.

Use as an Adverb
Although, as with earlier example, the prepositional phrase specifies
where, its primary function in this sentence is to tell us which engine –
the one on the flatbed truck. Because it modifies the noun engine, the
phrase primarily functions as an adjective.
PREPOSITION AS A PART OF
TWO-WORD VERBS
 Prepositions never change their form. However, the meanings of
prepositions often change significantly and illogically when they are
used with certain verb constructions – especially the two-word verb
forms commonly found in spoken English and informal writing. A
two-word verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition that
functions together as a verb. Prepositions used like this are often
called particles. Changing the preposition usually changes the entire
meaning of the verb, as well as the sentence in which it functions.
Splitting two-word verbs
In the following example, notice the prepositions down and up. This sentence
contains a pair of two-word verbs (cut down and cut up). Each consists of a verb
(cut) and a preposition (down or up). Notice also that the two-word verbs have
been split with the noun tree (direct object) in the first clause and with the pronoun
it (direct object) in the second clause.
Most two-word verbs that are transitive (those that take an object) can be split if
doing so sounds better and improves readability and clarity.
IDIOMATIC USAGE
 Idioms are accepted phrases, constructions, or expressions that are contrary to the usual
pattern of English and that have a meaning different from the literal meaning. While
native speakers of English usually have little or no trouble with idioms, nonnative
speakers do. This is because no consistent set of rules exists for determining if
something is an idiomatic expression, and if so, what it actually means.
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
 Conjunctions, like prepositions, are also joining words or
connectives. Conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, or
clauses. Conjunctions can be found in any position in a
sentence except the very end.

 Sometimes called connectives.


TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS•
1. CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS•
Co-ordinate conjunctions join words that are the same part of speech: a noun with a
noun; an adjective with an adjective; and so on. There are only seven co-ordinate
conjunctions:

and but or nor for yet so

Some people use the mnemonic FANBOYS to remember them.


The cat and the dog always eat and sleep together (2 nouns; 2 verbs)

The young and restless children ran quickly and effortlessly. (2


adjectives; 2 adverbs)

I want to go, but I can’t find the time. (2 ideas)

You can write a report, or you can make a speech. (2 ideas)

It rained, so they cancelled the outing. (2 ideas)


2. CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS
 This small group of joining words is similar to co-ordinate conjunctions,
but they are always used in pairs.
 not only/but also
Example: Harold was not only late, but also at the wrong address.
 neither/nor
 Example: Harold was neither on time, nor at the right address.
 either/or
 Example: Harold was either late, or lost.
 whether/or
 Example: I don't care whether Harold gets here or not.
3. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
 Conjunctive adverbs are used to join two complete sentences that are very closely
related in meaning.

 Example:
 Lightning struck the old farmhouse. The old farmhouse burned to the ground.
 Lightning struck the old farmhouse; therefore, it burned to the ground. Lightning
struck the old farmhouse; consequently, it burned to the ground.
4. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS•
Another group of words are often used as conjunctions. These are called
subordinate conjunctions. They are used to join two ideas which
otherwise would require two separate sentences.

She was confused. She didn’t ask any questions.


Although she was confused, she didn’t ask any questions.
If I were you, I would start studying now.
Since she got that job, she hasn’t been able to go to school
The words with an asterisk (*) may sometimes be used as prepositions. You must look at
the sentence carefully to determine whether these words are used as prepositions or
conjunctions. If the word is a preposition it will be followed by only a noun or pronoun.
If it is a subordinate conjunction it will be followed by a noun and a verb. Look at the
following sentences and decide which contain subordinate conjunctions and which have
prepositions.

Before the party started, we went to the store.


Before the game, they bought popcorn and a drink.
Because she lost her wallet, she couldn’t go to the concert.
Because of her loss, she was unable to afford the plane ticket..
5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 Relative pronouns, which you learned in the pronoun section, are also
used as conjunctions. These words are relative pronouns: who, whom,
which, that, whomever, whichever.

 Ivan said that he will be working. (Relative pronoun)


 They guessed what I was giving them for Christmas. (Relative
pronoun)
 The driver who was hired last week was laid off. (Relative pronoun)
INTERJECTIONS
INTERJECTIONS
 Interjections are words or groups we use either as an exclamation or
to show surprise, emotion, or impact.
 If the word acts in the sentence only to exclaim, then it is an
interjection. Interjections are normally punctuated with an
exclamation point or a comma. In technical writing, however, you
will rarely, if ever, use an interjection. In other types of writing
where interjections may be appropriate, be careful not to overuse
exclamation points as they can lose their effect very quickly. In fact,
a good rule is to use them only when they are needed to convey the
writer‟s intent.

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