CHAPTER 8:

AQUATIC
ACTIVITIES
GUESS THE AQUATIC
ACTIVY
SCUBA DIVING
SWIMMING
KAYAKING
CANOEING
SURFING
SNORKELING
Water or aqua has a certain unique attraction to people of all ages. Children
love to engage in water to play, while adults alike would get lured to take a
dip at the sight of a pool or the bead Water, in its most natural form, can be a
great venue to relax, to workout, to have fun, to pump up the adrenaline,
and to challenge one's limits.

The Philippines, having more than 7,000 islands, is abound with natural
water forms which can host numerous aquatic activities. There is surely
something to do in the different waters of our country, which attract not only
locals but foreigners as well. Aquatic activities may be done in wate such as
swimming and snorkeling, on water (surface water) such as surfing and
whitewater rafting and under water such as scuba diving.
Water has special characteristics that provide a unique environment for activities and good
workout. These characteristics include buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, and enhanced
cooling. Buoyancy is the upward force of the water on an object. This is the reason why
boats and people float on water. It also gives a weightlessness feeling, which makes it easier
to move, lift knees, or even jog in water (for some water activities). Hydrostatic pressure, on
one hand, is the pressure exerted by the water at equilibrium due to the force of gravity. In
other words, it is the weight of the water pressed down on the object. Hydrostatic pressure
is exerted on the body from all sides and this pressure combined with buoyancy, helps keep
standing balance in water. Water, therefore, helps people who have problems with balance
and coordination. Lastly, water has enhanced cooling characteristic that transfers heat away
from the body much quickly than air given in the same temperature. This is the reason we
can stay longer in water and can tolerate longer workouts without feeling being overheated.
 SNORKELING
One of the best but simple way to see, discover, and appreciate the
intriguing underwater life is through snorkeling. It allows one not
only to grasp the amazing beauty of marine life, but swim with them
as well.

Snorkeling is peeking through life underneath water by swimming

with the aid of a snorkel and mask. Through snorkeling, one can
observe the underwater attractions for a longer period of time,
without the need to constantly resurface to gasp for air, and with
relatively lesser effort.
 SNORKELING
Snorkeling is not only used for recreational purposes, it has also been used in
water-based search by rescue teams and in water sports such as underwater
hockey, underwater rugby, and spear fishing. Snorkeling helps the overall fitness
of a person. Aside from having fun under the water swimming, doing the flutter
kick and diving tones and trims the body, It works out the quadriceps, hamstrings,
calves, ankles, hip flexors, core muscles, and shoulders while swimming. Above
all, snorkeling builds greater lung capacity as one is forced to hold breath
underwater for sustained periods of time. It increases the oxygen uptake, which is
a positive indicator of aerobic fitness. It is also a good cardiovascular workout as
it increases heart rate and strengthens the heart muscle.
HOW DID SNORKELING BEGIN?
Need, creativity, and technology have allowed the ordinary hollow reed to become the
modern-day snorkel. The following timeline outlines the events that lead to modern-day
snorkeling (AquaViews.com, 2010):

Skin divers of the island Crete in the Mediterranean used hollow reeds to breather while
Hollow Reed 3000 B.C. submerged in water as they collected sponges.

Animal skins were filled An ancient bas-relief dating 900 B.C. depicted divers in Assyria using animal skin filled
9000 B.C. with air to lengthen their stay underwater.
with air

Alexander the Great encouraged the development of the first diving bell, which was a
cauldron designed to trap a pocket of air when it was lowered into the water. This instrument
allowed divers to take breaths without needing to go all the way up to the surface to gulp air,
Diving Bell 300 B.C. but it also limited their mobility. On one of the writings of Aristotle, he mentioned divers
using a tube connected to the surface to the snorkel remarking that it worked like "the trunk of
the elephant".
Eye goggle from shells of The shell of the tortoise was used to develop a gadget to protect the eye as well as to see
1300s more clearly in water. The shell was sliced very thinly until it became translucent then
tortoise polished for vision clarity. It was then used by the persian divers

Leonardo de Vinci proposed and created the first contemporary snorkel, a hollow tube
Hollowed tube and sketch of designed attached to the leather-head helmet of the diver, allowing to breathe even when
webbed swimming gloves 1400s face was sub-merged underwater. He also had a sketch of webbed swimming gloves, an
idea that led to the modern-day fins.

Benjamin Franklin came up with an idea of using wooden paddles attached to the hands and
Wooden Paddles 1717 feet to help swimmers swim faster.

Modern fins were invented by Frenchman Louis de Corlieu. Patent for this was obtained in
Modern Fins 1912 1933.
 GUESS THE
BASIC EQUIPMENT
SNORKELING MASK
SNORKEL
SNORKELING FINS
SNORKEL VEST
SKIN PROTECTION
SWIMMING CAP
What are the basic equipment in
snorkeling?
A. MASK
The mask serves as the viewing device in appreciating the world beneath the
water. Without the mask, everything viewed underwater will be blurred or
distorted. The airspace created in the mask is what helps in seeing clearly
underwater. The nose being enclosed in the mask will have Its special function in
equalizing pressure during dives. What do we mean by this? Diving underwater
brings pressure on the air space in the mask. In order to equalize this pressure, one
needs to exhale a little air through the nose, inside the mask. Otherwise, one
might suffer from "mask squeeze, a condition where the soft tissues beneath the
mask, especially around the eyes, swell and discolor.
 A. MASK
PARTS OF THE MASK Mask Skirt is the soft flexible
material that seals the mask around
the face
Strap holds the mask to
the face underwater

Nose Pocket cushions and protects the nose. Some

masks have the purge vaive, a little flap valve located at
the bottom of nose pocket that helps in removing the
water that has entered the masks
B. SNORKEL
The snorkel is a piece of equipment that makes it possible to breathe at the surface
while the face is submerged in water. The snorkel is basically composed of a tube,
also called the barrel, and a mouthpiece. The tube-end sticks out of the water
while the mouthpiece goes in the mouth. The snorkel also has a clip so it can be
attached to the mask.

There are different kinds of snorkel one can choose from. Their important
differences lie in the feature or part that a particular snorkel has or does not have.
B. SNORKEL
The classic snorkel has the most basic part, the solid tube and the
mouthpiece. Sometimes, this can be bent to a specific shape.

The snorkel with a flexible tube below the strap attachment point is more
comfortable than the classic snorkel. The flexible tube allows the top and
mouthpiece to rotate to different angles to better fit the face. It can also
drop away from the face when not in use.
B. SNORKEL
A common feature of many snorkels is the purge valve. This is a small valve just lower
than the mouth that empties the collected water that comes down the tube when one
blows it out.

A splash guard prevents splashed water and spray from easily entering the tube.
However, this will not stop water from entering the tube when a big wave covers the
snorkel or when one goes underwater.

The dry valve is a special valve on top of the tube that completely stops water (and air)
from entering the tube when a wave comes or when diving underwater. This way, one
does not need to clear the water out when coming back to the surface.
B. SNORKEL
SNORKEL
PARTS
GUIDE
 C. SNORKELING FINS
Water resists or "pushes back" anything moving through it. This is the principle behind what the
fins do. It is this resistance that provides much of the propulsion created by a moving fin. When one
swims, the sole of the foot experiences resistance creating propulsion, the same way fins encounter
resistance and create propulsion as well. However, fins are obviously wider and thus have a larger
surface area than the feet, and therefore they encounter more water and produce more resistance,
thus works better than the bare feet.

Speed and efficiency in swimming are what one gains in wearing fins. They provide the necessary
locomotion to propel effortlessly in the water. Fins conserve more energy and, therefore, allow the
snorkeler to reach further distances. Moreover, fins may also protect the feet from accidental contact
with rocks and corals. Treading in water also becomes easy with fins.
C. SNORKELING FINS
EXAMPLES
 C. SNORKELING FINS
The full-foot fins cover the heel and are put on like slip-on shoes. They are easy to use, more flexible,
and more efficient while swimming on the surface. These are more popular among warm-water dives.

The adjustable fins, on one hand, are open at the heel and have adjustable straps to secure the feet. Such
fins are often used with dive boots. They are good choices when diving in cold water, as the boots will
help the feet from getting cold. The adjustable fin generally has a more rigid blade than the full-foot fin
and it can provide a more forward thrust but requires more effort to use.

In recent years, a new sub-classification has also developed in both full-foot and open heel fins, namely,
the conventional or paddle-bladed fins and the split fins.
C. SNORKELING FINS
The paddle-bladed fins have a single, full blade while the split fin is "semi-parted" in the web, separating
the blade into two long, stiff blades. The paddle fin gives a fast accelerating speed from the long, slow,
and powerful strokes of the legs. It also gives good control and maneuverability especially when
carefully moving around corals One can also use a variety of kicking strokes with paddle fins.

On the other hand, it is easier to kick with split fins on. The theory behind splitting the fin is that this
design directs the water force more directly behind the fin than the paddle fin. This makes it easier for
the swimmer to propel forward. Leg stroke with split fin is also different. Instead of a long forceful
stroke, smaller and more rapid kicks are made. It is said that the split fins are better for moving forward
than for back paddling, frog kicking, turning, etc.
 D. SNORKEL VESTS
Snorkel vests are small and inflatable, which provide
more buoyancy while floating on water. This will help in
consuming less energy in moving around. However, one
must take note that snorkel vest is not equivalent and
should never be used as a substitute to life vest.
 E. SKIN PROTECTION
Snorkeling may require one to be under the sun for some
time. In order to protect the skin from the heat of the sun,
one may use a good biodegradable sunscreen or a better
choice will be wearing a long sleeve rash guard. The shirt
may also provide jellyfish sting protection, However, if
insulation is needed from the cold waters, then a wetsuit will
be a better option.
 E. SWIMMING CAP
The swimming cap is a big help in keeping hair out of the
snorkel and the face as well. It will also help in preventing
the scalp from burning on a sunny day.
 G. MASK DEFOGGER
Mask defogger helps prevent the mask from
fogging up. Be sure to choose one that is non-
toxic, biodegradable, and alcohol free for one's
protection and for the protection of marine life
 How are the gears set up?
Step 1: Clean and Defog the Mask

-When masks are new, some have packing oil on them that can cause severe fogging. To avoid this,
clean mask thoroughly first with soap and water.

-Defog mask with defogging solutions. Some use different alternatives like using a little amount of
toothpaste and rubs them on the mask then washes them off. Another popular practice among divers
(which may be bizarre to others) is spitting on the mask then rubbing it around the mask before washing
it with seawater,

What is fogging? Fogging is when the lens of the mask become hazy or obscured with tiny droplets of moisture that
are formed on the lens inside the mask. It happens when the warmer humid air inside the mask meets with the cold
lens and then condensation happens. Remember, the glass of the dive mask lens gets cold underwater
 How are the gears set up?
Step 2: Attach the snorkel to the mask by clipping the mask strap clip to the strap of the mask. The snorkel can
go on either side of the mask but most would put it to the left perhaps because scuba divers place them on the left
side.

Step 3: Put on the mask. Adjust the strap of the mask to get a good fit, which is usually done by adjusting the
strap to the appropriate notch.

Step 4: Put the snorkel on the mouth. Seal lips around the mouthpiece. Adjust the snorkel's height. Rotate until
the snorkel remains in the mouth. Make sure that the top of the snorkel is positioned at the top of the head.

Step 5: Try on the fins. If one is using the open fin, put on the booties first and slip on foot. Adjust and secure
strap at the back of the heel. The foot should be held firmly but not so tight. In using the close fin, just slip in the
foot like putting a shoe. Some fins do not have a left foot and right foot fins while others have. Some use a pair
of neoprene socks to avoid having blisters on the feet especially at the back of ankles
 How is snorkeling done?
Test and Practice

It is best for beginners to try the gears on shallow water. This way, one can get used to
wearing the mask and breathing through the tube. While on shallow water, bend
slightly at the waist and squat until the face is submerged in the water. Relax and
breathe through the snorkel while enjoying the aquatic life.

Adjust the strap when the mask is leaking water. It may be loose or too tight.
Sometimes, a mask that is too tight can cause leak as well.
 How is snorkeling done?
Floating Position

When one feels quite comfortable using the mask and breathing through a snorkel, it is
time to start floating. Extend legs and get into the floating position with the face down.
Relax and practice breathing evenly through the snorkel. When one inhales, the body
goes slightly higher in the water and goes a little lower when exhaling. This happens
because the body becomes buoyant when air enters the lungs.
 How is snorkeling done?
Kicking to Move

The next step is learning to be comfortable with the snorkeling fins. Practice in the
deeper part of the water. Float, then do the basic flutter stroke, the most common
underwater kick. This kick helps to be efficient and fast in moving in the water. Fins
should always be submerged otherwise more energy is spent, which causes a decrease in
kicking efficiency and makes one get tired easily. Hands should also be kept on the side
while swimming to reduce drag.

Another common kick used in snorkeling is the dolphin kick. In this kick, both fins
should be kept together while bending the knees and arching the back. Then, straighten
the legs and back at the same time. This will make a forward thrust.
 How is snorkeling done?
Diving Deeper
If one wants to go a little deeper to have a better view of the marine life, one can either
use the "feet-first dive or the "head-first" dive.
a. "Feet-First” Dive
As described by the name, the feet go down first during this dive.
Tread vertically in the water then kick upward. As the body sinks
down, raise arms above the head. Pull the knees to the chest then
lower the head. This will rotate the body to a horizontal position and
swim underwater.

b. "Head-First” Dive
While at a horizontal position, kick forward, bend at the hips. and pull
knees and arms toward the chest. Thrust legs straight up and maintain
a streamlined position to glide into the water. Kick with feet to move
deeper down, and then arch back for a horizontal position.
at should be done when the following problems
arise?
Water is Filling the Mask

If the mask comes with a purge valve, simply blow air out through the nose while the
mask is on. The water will be pushed out of the valve, clearing the mask. If the mask
does not have the purge valve, then simply lift head out of the water and pull the front of
the mask forward. This will open a gap at the bottom of the mask and drain the water out.
While underwater, one can also clear the water. Simply press the top of the mask to the
forehead and blow out through the nose. Air will bubble into the mask pushing the water
out the bottom.
at should be done when the following problems
arise?
Water Entered the Snorkel

Clearing a snorkel is an important skill because it will be inevitable that water may enter the
snorkel. Waves or splashes can send water into the open end of a snorkel or when diving
below the surface.

Clear the snorkel by blowing out through the snorkel to force the water out through the top.
But if the snorkel has a purge valve, then water will exit through the valve below the
mouthpiece. Another method is the displacement clear. This is used with snorkels that have a
purge valve. Begin by looking straight up while surfacing then exhale a small amount of air
into the snorkel. While ascending, the air will expand and displace the water so that by the
time one reaches the surface. almost all water will be out of the tube.
at should be done when the following problems
arise?
Pressure Is Felt in the Ear While Diving

Pressure builds as one dives deeper because the body's air spaces are being compressed
of squeezed by the surrounding water pressure. The pressure outside the ear's space is
greater than the pressure inside, thus giving an uncomfortable sensation in the ears and
even pain as one continues to dive deeper. To equalize this pressure, do the "pinch-
blow nose" technique. How is this done? Close the mouth, pinch the nose, and then
gently blow out air through the blocked nose. A crackling sound will be heard and one
will feel the pressure subsiding. Wiggling the jaw from side to side will also make the
equalization technique easier.
 What are the important things to remember while snorkeling?
To have an enjoyable adventure in snorkeling, follow and remember the following
safety tips:

S tay close to the shore if you are a beginner. Some beginners misjudge their capacities and
endurance and before knowing it, they are exhausted.

N ever do it alone. Always have a buddy so that whatever happens, someone is there to help
you. It is advised to have a minimum party of three. A buddy pair to lookout for each other in
the water and a shore lookout. Know where to call for help in case of emergency.

O ne up, one down. While diving with your buddy, one should stay on the surface while one is
underwater. In case the diver has problems, one can help or seek help.

R ain check! Always check the weather forecast and the state of the sea. Wind can cause waves
to increase, which makes snorkeling challenging to do.
 What are the important things to remember while snorkeling?
To have an enjoyable adventure in snorkeling, follow and remember the following
safety tips:

K now your surroundings. Know the area where you will be snorkeling. Know the tides. Be
careful around rocky shore or some marine life that may be known to be aggressive. Know the
conservation rules and regulations.

E nergy retention. Do not overestimate your limits. To avoid being worn-out, flotation device or
a simple snorkeling vest will help conserve energy.

L eave them alone! Do not touch marine life. Maintain safe distance as well. Touching them
might damage their habitats and hurt marine life. In the same way, you might also suddenly be
stung, bitten, or hurt by some marine life if you touch them. Try not to make sudden moves
that will startle them.
 Are You Interested in Becoming a Dive Guide or Snorkeling Guide?

A dive guide or snorkeling guide is a certified professional who is capable of leading a group of aquatic enthusiasts to various dive sites in the
area. He is knowledgeable about the local underwater organisms and other peculiar attractions (e.g., ship wrecks) in the area. It is the
responsibility of the dive guide to plan the aquatic activity so that the tourist will have a safe and enjoyable experience.

There are a lot of technical skills required to become a dive guide or snorkeling guide, such as navigation, water rescue, and identification of
marine animals. More importantly, the dive guide is a skilled swimmer. It is recommended that they can swim underwater at a speed of 100 feet
per minute for extended periods of time. Diving and snorkeling are highly aerobic since the average stay at a specific dive site is about 30-45
minutes. In this regard, dive guides should be in excellent physical condition so that they can provide an enjoyable experience to tourists.

An adequate fitness level for this career can be achieved by performing aerobic exercises at least three times a week. The activity should be
between 30-45 minutes long and the intensity is around 65%-85% of one's maximal heart rate. The type of activity includes swimming using a
variety of strokes and treading. Running is a good substitute on occasions when it is not feasible to swim.

A dive guide is also responsible for setting up the scuba diving equipment. A tank filled with compressed air can weigh between 10-15
kilograms. The other equipment (eg, weight belt and fins) weigh an additional 2.5-5 kilograms. The dive guide should have adequate muscle
strength in order to carry this load. A regular resistance training program that involves 8-10 various exercises performed at 3 sets of 10
repetitions is sufficient to develop the appropriate fitness level.
CANOEING AND KAYAKING
A great way to explore the rivers, lakes, canals, and
other bodies of water is through the use of a boat.
Canoeing and kayaking are two floating crafts that may
take anyone to places in the water that are even difficult
to access by any other means.
Kayaking or Canoeing?
Canoeing
Kayaking
Canoeing
Canoeing
Kayaking
What is the difference between
kayaks and canoes?
Canoes and kayaks may be confusing to some but it is really easy to distinguish one
from the other. Kayaking and canoeing both require a paddle for propulsion and
steering. The most noticeable difference is the structure of the boats. A kayak has a
covered deck, while a canoe is wide open. Kayakers extend legs and are seated low or
sometimes on the deck. It uses a double-bladed paddle. A canoer, on one hand, sits on
a raised seat or kneels on the bottom of the boat and uses a single-bladed paddle.

Historically, there are some similarities and differences in terms of the kayak and
canoes' function and in how they are built. In the early days, both boats were
constructed and used for the day-to-day economic needs, the canoe for transporting
goods and people and the kayak for hunting marine life. The materials used in the
original boats also had the same source, that is, their most Immediate environment.
The word "canoe" originated from the Carib word "kenu" which meant dugout. Canoes
were originally made from large tree trunks. The trunks were dried for months, and then
the middle part was burned. After which, the burned part was scraped away with shells.
The whole process took "one moon" or 28 days. The more well-known version of the
canoe was introduced by the North American Indians where the frame was built from
wooden ribs. The frame was covered with the lightweight bark of birch trees and
sometimes elm or cedar trees, whichever was more available to them. The birch tree was
the better choice though because it was lightweight and smooth and most importantly, it
was resilient and contained waterproofing qualities.

The oldest known canoe, Pesse Canoe, believed to be constructed between 8200 and
7600 B.C. was found in the Netherlands.
Kayaks or "qajak" meaning "man's boat" or "hunter's boat" originated from the Inuit and
Aleut ribes of Arctic North America. Interestingly, the early kayaks were very
individualized as each kayak was crafted by the user, basing the measurements to the
frame of his body and not on any standard Building the kayak was also a joint effort of
the man and his wife. The man builds the frame from wood or from whalebone skeleton
and it was the wife's job to stitch the seal skin used to cover the frame. Whale fats were
used to waterproof the boat. To improve buoyancy, the natives placed air- filled bladders
of the seal in the vessels.

The oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in North America Department of the State
Museum of Ethnology in Munich.
Kayaks VS. Canoe
 What are the basic parts of kayak and canoe?
Canoes and kayaks have features that are common and unique for each one. The decking, the hull shape,
and the bottom are just few of the differences. Let us take a look at the parts of each boat:

Basic parts of the

canoe:
 What are the basic parts of kayak and canoe?
Canoes and kayaks have features that are common and unique for each one. The decking, the hull shape,
and the bottom are just few of the differences. Let us take a look at the parts of each boat:

Basic parts of the

kayak:
 CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTIONS
Length Longer boats are faster and move on a straight line. They also
can carry more people. However these are not easy to
maneuver.
The by distance from the tip of the
Shorter boats are easier to maneuver and comparatively
stern to the tip of the bow. lighter and easier to handle. Longer boats are best when
touring and cruising the open water.
A shorter kayak would be a better choice for smaller lakes
and rivers.

Generally, the wider the boat, the more stable it is. However,
Beam a narrower kayak or canoe may be faster but less stable.
A narrower kayak or canoe is more suitable for those who
The width of the boat and is measured want to travel a greater distance since it has speed. A wider
at the widest part of the canoe or boat is suitable for bird-watching, fishing, or photography.
kayak.
 CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTIONS
The shape of the bottom has a lot to do with the stability
Bottom Shape
of the boat. There are three basic bottom shapes: flat,
round, and vee;
1. Flat - this design has good stability in calm waters.
However, the characteristics of this boat provide the
easy turning (boat spin) in in rougher water such as
white waters.
2. Round - this is designed for speed and efficiency.
One may feel a little shaky when one steps in it. But
with experience, one will feel that a round shape will
give the stability in most waters and it is actually easier
to propel through the water. The trade-off however is
balancing the boat in an upright position.
3. Vee - this boat is in between the flat and round
bottom design boats, thus with practice it comes with a
good all-around performance.
 CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTIONS
Profile or sides of a boat 1.Tumblehome design - the sides of the boat
curve inward as they come up, which makes the
beam narrower on the deck. This allows the
paddler to reach the water easily while at the
same time has the stability of a wider and kayak.

2. Flared sides - the sides curve outward (flares

out) making the beam wider. Thus, as it goes
deeper in the water (cargo weight becomes
heavier), the beam becomes wider therefore
giving a more stable feeling.

3. Straight sides - is a little bit of the two.

How should one choose a paddle?
Paddles are the equipment used to maneuver the boat.
Single-bladed paddles are usually used for canoes and
double- bladed paddles are for kayak. They are placed in the
water as one moves the boat. Just like the boats, paddles
also come in different kinds according to use. Choosing
what kind of paddle depends on one's physique, the size of
the boat, and stroking preference.
✓ Wider and taller kayaks need longer paddles.
✓ If a person has a small build, then a shorter, lighter paddle is best so as not to overexert oneself. ✓ As a
general rule, the shortest paddle that allows you to properly reach the water is the best.
Another way of measuring canoe paddle is while in standing position. Put the paddle in vertical position.
Hold the grip or T-grip and see if it is in level with your nose.
✓ Wider blades give you more acceleration but must also deal with more resistance.
✓ Narrower blades use less effort per stroke but require more strokes.
✓ Curved blades increase power of each stroke.
What activities can be done when one uses the kayaks or canoes?
There are varied activities where one can use the canoe or kayak. It ranges from the more relax- paced activities
like bird-watching or fishing to the extremely challenging activities on the white water rivers. Usually, the boats
are designed to fit the demands of the intended environment and activity. The activity may be done in solo, dual,
or as a group. Depending on what one would want to experience, here are some of the paddling activities that
one may choose from:
• Sea kayaking is done in open waters such as the ocean or the lake. Kayaks may be a sit-on- top or decked
design.
• Whitewater kayaking or canoeing is paddling down the whitewater rivers. A flat-bottomed boat will help
the boat spin on the water and take on the rapids for practicing various maneuvers. The rounded bottom will
involve paddling downriver from one point to a different point and usually a distance of several miles.
• Flatwater recreation is a relaxing canoeing or kayaking where you can take a gentle paddle down a calm
river, ocean, or lake to do some sightseeing.
• Sailing is where the canoe or kayak is fitted with a sail. Surf kayaking is where the kayak is typically fitted
with a fin, rather like a surfboard.
• Marathon racing is a lengthy race down a river using the kayak or canoe.
Aside from the boats and the paddles, what other equipment will one need?
The exact equipment differ slightly depending on one's paddling activity. But the basic equipment aside from the
boat and paddle are the following:
• A personal flotation device (PFD), such as a life vest or jacket, will help one to be afloat in case the boat capsizes.
• A helmet that protects the head especially when paddling in rocky area.
• The appropriate clothing depending on the air and water temperature. Wetsuits or nylon coated jackets and pants are recommended
for cold water.
• Footwear should be a lightweight canvas shoes or sturdy river sandals.
• A water bottle for rehydrating oneself. It should have a short string or rope so it can be clipped or tied to the boat securely and will
also remain with the boat even when the boat capsizes (not becoming a liter in the river).
• Extra clothes and energy food placed in dry or waterproof bag.
• Protective gears from the sun such as sunscreen or hats.
• Whistle for emergency.
• First aid kit and duct tape for emergency situations.
• Spray skirt (for kayaking)
Sea kayaking requires more specific extra equipment as it is done in the open waters. These equipment are as follows:
• Waterproof torch that floats
• Bilge pump and bailing device
• Distress signal devices such as orange smoke sticks and red flares
• Compass
• Spare paddle
How does one start the canoeing and kayaking adventure?
First, Learn How to Get In and Out of the Boats
For first timers, getting on a canoe or a kayak on the water can be quite challenging. The boat may rock and
cause some tilting when entering the boat. Therefore, balance is important when entering the boat.

Getting in a Kayak:
a. Entering from the dock
Make sure that paddle is within reach. Keep in mind that weight should be at the centerline, otherwise the kayak
will tip. First, hold the back of the cockpit coaming and feet should be planted near the centerline. Then, lift self,
with the weight mainly supported by hand, and move bottom to the cockpit.
b. Getting from the shore
Put the paddle right behind the cockpit coaming and the other end against a rock (improvise if there is no rock, like
using the paddle to get support from bottom). Take a firm hold from the back of the cockpit coaming with the paddie
held between thumb and the coaming, while the other hand is keeping the paddle fixed on the rock. Sit carefully over
the coaming, keeping the body weight on the feet. Lift one foot inside the cockpit and sit in. Then, raise other foot
inside the cockpit. Remember to keep the balance. Getting out of the kayak is done in the same way but in opposite
order.
Getting in a Canoe:

a. Entering from the shore (Tandem Canoe)

Put paddle in the end of the boat. Slide part of the boat in the water, and then hold the boat so it will not float
away. The person who will be seated on the bow part enters the boat first. That person should carefully walk
down the center of the canoe, while holding the gunwales. Position self then settle. Remember in entering the
boat, keep the center of gravity as low as possible to minimize the chances of flipping the boat over. The second
person then carefully puts one foot in the center of canoe and pushes off the shore with the other foot while
keeping hands on both sides of canoe. Then he/she lowers self into the seat. Reverse the order when getting out.

b. Entering from the dock

When entering from the dock, the same is basically done. However, it will be best to keep the boat parallel or
horizontal to the dock. Get in the boat one at a time, taking turns in holding the boat steadily. Remember to always
put the paddle in the end of the canoe within reach. Reverse the order in getting out
Second, Learn the Correct Posture
In Canoeing
The first thing to do is to relax, this way the muscles will not be too tight. While seated, lean just slightly
forward (around 5-8 degrees only) from the pelvis. The back should be straight without being forced. Shoulder
should be slightly ahead of hips, head, or neck. The legs should be slightly bent, just enough so that you cannot
push legs straight without moving on the seat. Too much leaning forward restricts lung capacity.

In Kayaking

Good posture is key if one wants to use the body efficiently. Do not lean on the backrest but just sit straight and
relax the shoulder, opening the chest for ease in breathing. Keep legs together and feet against the footpegs.
Adjust footpegs making sure that the knees can bend slightly and spread and press against the kayak for extra
balance if necessary. Keeping legs together allows better torso rotation and more efficient paddling.
Third, Learn the Proper Way of Holding the Paddle
In Canoeing

Holding the paddle incorrectly causes loss of power during forward stroke and puts the paddler's body in an awkward position. Canoe
paddle has only one blade. The T-grip of the paddle should be held by top hand with full palms covering it (not holding it around). Top
hand is the hand that is higher (it may be your left or right hand). The bottom hand holds the shaft (not the throat) of the paddle in about
an arm's length down from the other hand. The bottom hand, which holds the canoe paddle, generates the most power while the upper
arm and grip create the balance and the accuracy of the stroke.

In Kayaking

The recommended grip is usually the distance between the two elbows. Hold the paddle above and center over the head. Adjust your
hands so that your elbows are at right angle. The blade has two faces. The front has a cup-like shape that is also referred to as the power
since it creates power to move the kayak. The other side is the back face. There are paddles for left-handed and right-handed paddlers. For
instance, assume that one uses a right-handed feather paddle. In kayaking, "right hand fixed, left hand loose" technique is applied in using
the paddle for strokes, recoveries, and maneuvers. This means that the right hand is your control hand, where your grip is fixed and does
not change during the stroke. Your left hand should grasp the paddle shaft loosely. This is to allow the right hand to twist the paddle to
desired angles for turning, bracing, or rolling. Do not hold paddle too tight; it will tire the hands quickly
Fourth, Let Us Learn the Basics of Making the Boat Move Forward
There are many strokes in paddling, but for the purpose of knowing the basics, this discussion will focus on one stroke which is the
forward stroke.

In Canoeing
Paddling forward is the most basic and important stroke as this will bring you to places. The forward paddling in canoeing is described in
three phases: the catch, power phase, and exit and recovery.

In Kayaking
In kayaking, the torso and legs will do most of the work. The shoulder and arms will be used to transfer power. Just like in canoeing, one
paddles by rotating the torso while keeping the arms straight.

To start paddling, make sure that the front part or power face of the blade is facing front. Place the blade in the water, close to the feet and
to the kayak's waterline. The lower arm should be almost straight. The upper arm should be slightly bent, such that the upper wrist comes
a bit closer paddler's eyes. Press the stroke-side foot firmly against the footpeg. Sink the blade into the water. Using the muscles of the
torso, get more power at the beginning of the stroke where the paddle has just entered the water. Then, lessen power at the end.

Keep the upper arm relaxed and hold the paddle loosely so muscles can rest. Keep the upper hand at about an eye level and allow it to
move across the body and to keep the paddle vertical. After the stroke, move the blade out of the water and prepare for the next stoke.
 International Scale of River Difficulty
Class I Rapids:
Easy

✓ Moderate to fast-moving water

✓ Waves and riffles are small
✓ Passages clear or few but obvious obstructions
✓ Little maneuvering is needed
✓ Minimal risk to swimmers
✓ Rescue is easy
Class II Rapids:
Novice

✓ Easy rapids
✓ Wide channels with some obstacles but are easily missed
✓ Medium-sized waves
✓ Sometimes maneuvering may be required
✓ Rarely swimmers are injured
✓ Rescue is easy
 International Scale of River Difficulty
Class III:
Intermediate

✓ Moderate rapids, strong current

✓ Waves are bigger and may swamp an open canoe but it comes irregularly
✓ Obstacles require complex maneuvers
✓ Narrow passages are generally straightforward
✓ Scouting is recommended
✓ Self-rescue is still manageable but group help may be needed
✓ Big splashes
Class IV:
Advanced
✓ Long, powerful, and strong rapids requiring accurate handling of boat
✓ Passages are constricted by obstacles
✓ Precise maneuvering skills
✓ Scouting is necessary
✓ Moderate to high risk of injury to swimmers
✓ Self-rescue is difficult
✓ Group assistance is necessary but must possess rescue skills
✓Eskimo roll is recommended
 International Scale of River Difficulty
Class V: Expert

✓Long, obstructed, and very violent rapids

✓Massive waves often following one after the other
✓Big drop, extremely congested channels
✓Requires high level of maneuvering skills
✓Scouting is mandatory but difficult
✓ Dangerous for swimming and difficult for rescue

Class VI: Extreme and Exploratory Rapids

✓ Almost never been attempted

✓ Extremely difficult, unpredictable, and definitely a life hazard
✓ Rescue may be close to impossible
What are the health-related benefits of paddling?

Canoeing and kayaking are activities that can range from low to high intensity
levels of activity. Paddling will work out from the muscles and the heart and thus
will improve one’s aerobic fitness, strength, and flexibility. Specific health benefits
include:

• Improved cardiovascular fitness

• Stronger muscles and muscular endurance particularly in the back, arms,
shoulders, and chest as these are the main muscles involved in paddling
• Development of the torso and leg strength as the strength to power a canoe or
kayak comes mainly from rotating the torso and applying pressure with your
legs
What are the important things that we should always remember to be safe
in kayaking or canoeing?
K now first your skills in swimming and canoeing or kayaking.

A void paddling alone, paddling far from coastline, or paddling in routes of ships.

Y ield to safety and know where to go in case of emergency.

A lways wear personal floatation device and other safety equipment.

K eep hydrated as you will be under the sun.

C heck weather condition.

A lways plan ahead. This includes studying the river maps ahead of time.

N ever forget to put your things in waterproof bags.

O procedures. Listen and follow them well.

rientation given by facilitators or leaders are important. They tell you the rules and regulations and safety

E way of using them.

quipment should be tried and always checked. Try on new or unfamiliar things and ask questions on the proper
 SCUBA DIVING
Scuba is an acronym for Self-Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus or SCUBA. Scuba diving is a
diving method where a diver uses a regulator as the
breathing apparatus and a tank with compressed air
which enables the diver to breathe normally underwater.
With these equipment, a diver can explore the waters for
a longer period of time and at greater depths.
Modern-day divers are fortunate to have better means of going deeper and staying longer underwater. The
beginnings of diving can be traced from using the hollow reeds as a way of staying longer underwater. From the
simple reed, more effective ways of breathing underwater were invented. The following timeline outlines the
evolution of scuba diving (US Navy Diving Manual 1993).
A simple cauldron in the shape of a bell was used where the idea was to trap the air
1300's inside the container where the diver swims out until he or she runs out of breath then
returns to the bell to replenish air.

Edmund Halley developed an improved diving bell. The diving bell with trapped air was brought
down with two people inside. The diver/explorer outside the diving bell also use a smaller version of
the diving bell on his/her head where a tube is connected from his/her diving bell to the bigger
1690
diving bell to get some air. The air inside the bigger diving bell is in turn replenished from a barrel
(with tube connected to the diving bell) which is brought down from the top. This barrel is retrieved
also by the diver and tugged over the bell.

Englishman John Lethbridge built the "diving engine." which was an underwater
1715
oak cylinder supplied with compressed air from the surface.
 Charles Anthony Deane invented the "smoke helmet" originally for firefighters. The
1823 helmet fits over a man's head with an attached hose for supply of air which comes from
the surface.

William James invented the first workable, full-time SCUBA. It had a cylindrical belt around
1825
the diver's trunk that served as an air reservoir at 450 psi.

German-born inventor Augustus Siebe innovated a closed diving suit to complete

1837 the diving helmet of Deane. The suit was connected to an air pump on the surface
and became the first standard diving dress.

1843 The first diving school was established by the Royal Navy.

Frenchmen Benoit Rouquayrol and Auguste Denayrouze patented the "Aerophore,"

where the diver carries a steel tank of compressed air and is connected through a
1866 valve which goes to the mouthpiece. The tank also has a hose where fresh air is
pumped from the surface. This became the forerunner of the modern-day scuba
gadget.
 Henry A. Fleuss, an English merchant seaman, developed the first self-contained
diving gear that used compressed oxygen and not compressed air. In his prototype of
1876 closed circuit scuba, carbon dioxide was absorbed by a rope soaked in sodium
hydroxide so that the exhaled air can be recycled or re-breathed.

Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan redesigned a car regulator which provided
compressed air to divers in the slightest breath and later on called as the aqualung
1943
This design has changed the landscape of diving and remains to be what we know as
the SCUBA of modern day.

Scuba diving can be for varied purposes. It can be for recreation where one undertakes it for sheer enjoyment of
experiencing marine life while observing fish and other marine animals, taking photos and videos. Scuba diving may
also be used for technical purposes such as cave diving and advanced wreck diving. It may also be done for
commercial purposes. This is done to earn a living such as those who build underwater structures, carry out
underwater maintenance, conduct surveys, or participate in salvage operations. Another purpose of scuba diving is
those done by the military or highly qualified divers who do underwater surveillance; mine clearing; or search, rescue,
or retrieve passengers of capsized passenger ships and other sunken vehicles.
 Who can scuba dive?
Almost anyone can scuba dive. However, health and age are among the basic considerations.

Age

A child as young as eight years old can start learning in shallow waters. A ten-year-old child can be qualified to train
and be certified as a Junior Open Water Diver, while a fifteen-year-old or older can apply for an Open Water Diver's
certificate (About Sports, 2016).
Health

It is important for a diver to be physically fit to be able to cope with strenuous physical task which may happen at an
unexpected time such as maneuvering through strong current to reach a dive site. They may also need to do a long
surface swim at the end of a dive. All students entering a diving class will be asked to answer a medical questionnaire
which examines their medical history. One does not need to have an examination from the doctor, however, the
instructor might need a doctor's clearance for certain medical conditions found in his/her medical history, such as heart
and lung diseases, fainting spells, vomiting, asthma, diabetes, etc. Temporary restrictions are also given to those with
colds, flu, injured, or are pregnant. The swelling or blockage in the eustachian tubes or sinuses for those with colds or
flu may prevent adequate equalization of air spaces with water pressure making it risky for the diver.
Disabilities

Disabilities do not hinder anyone from scuba diving. Many of the instructors can provide training which is designed for
physically challenged divers. Further, there are diving groups who aim to promote diving among physically challenged
individuals.

Swimming Skill

For enrolling in a one-day experience course, the basic requirement is being comfortable in the water even to the deep
end of the swimming pool. However, if one is earning a scuba certification from diving trainers such as PADI, he/she
has to pass the watermanship assessment for scuba diving which will require some basic skills in swimming. Some may
require to tread on water for 10 minutes, swim 200 meters, and snorkel for 300 meters without stopping. In this case,
one does not need to be at a competitive level of swimming but at least can manage with the basic skills in swimming.
 What are the basic scuba diving equipment?
The diving equipment is what makes scuba diving different. It is what the divers use and carry that allows them to be
underwater for a longer time. The following are the essential needs of every diver (Davis, 2007)
1. Dive Mask creates the air pocket to have a clearer view of the underwater life.
2. Snorkel is a breathing tube allowing you to inhale and exhale through your
mouth when swimming face down on water surface.
3. Regulator lets you breathe under water. It connects to your
tank and delivers air to your mouth when you inhale.
4. BCD or Buoyancy Control Device helps control the position in the
water column. If air is added in an internal bladder, then one rises toward
the surface. By removing air from it, one sinks.
5. Regulator delivers the steady supply of air from the cylinder
with the right pressure.
6. Octopus is the backup regulator. It usually has a longer hose and a bright
yellow body so it is easy to find and can be used by others in an emergency.

7. Weight Belt is used to counteract buoyancy.

8. SPG or Submersible Pressure Gauge shows how much of the air is left.
9. Scuba Tank contains the pressurized air which allows one to breathe and to stay longer
underwater.
10. Fins provide the propulsion that makes it possible to swim with lesser effort.
11. Scuba or Wet Suit provides protection from the coldness of the water and from other elements.
 What are the skills needed in scuba diving?
There are different skills and procedures employed from pre-diving, descending, swimming deep
under, and surfacing back.
Pre-Dive
Diving is really a new adventure as one seem to enter an entirely new world, with species that can only be find in water.
But this becomes a nightmare if certain safety procedures are not followed The pre-dive entails procedures that divers
adhere to. There is the detailed safety check of equipment and readiness on the diver as well. The procedures are
standardized and observing it step-by-step is a must.

Pre-Dive Safety
Check A pre-dive safety check must be done before going to the water. This is performed once a diver is wearing
his/her gear and is done with a dive buddy. This is a last-minute review done on the boat just before one enters the
water. This is to ensure that all gears are properly functioning. The pre-drive safety check is done with the dive buddy.
Each one checks each other's gear and at the same time gets familiarized with his/her dive buddy's gear. This way, each
one knows how each can assist one another in an emergency underwater.
The five steps of the pre-dive safety check (Gibb, n.d.) are as follows:

1. Check the buoyancy compensator making sure that the inflator and deflator buttons work and that
the pull strings are unencumbered.

2. Check the Weights

✓ Quick-release system for the weights should be visible and unencumbered
✓ Weight belt should be oriented as a right-hand release
✓ Free the end of the visible belt and it must be cleared of other gear so that it can fall away
easily when opened
✓ If using integrated weight system, weight pockets should be inserted securely into the BCD.
✓ Both divers should know how to release weights in an emergency.
3. Check the Releases
✓ Check the BCD's clips making sure that they are secured and that the straps are tightened.
✓ Tank band connecting the BCD to the scuba tank should be snapped closed. It should be tight
enough such that the tank will not slide once they enter the water.
4. Check the Air Regulator

✓ Regulator is functioning well.

✓ Check tank valve by breathing from your buddy's tank valve regulator several times, while your
buddy watches the pressure gauge needle. As long as the pressure gauge needle does not drop
significantly, then the tank valve is open.
✓ Scuba tanks are full (close to 3000 psi or 200 bar).
✓ Confirm that the regulator breathes comfortably and easily.
✓ Explain to buddy where the alternate air source is located and test it by breathing a few times.

5. Final Okay
✓ Check to see if all the gears are in their proper places.
After all the equipment have been checked, the diver should also be prepared before going
underwater. This is done through the five-point descent. The procedure is as follows:

1. Signal (thumbs down) to descend and wait for acknowledgment from buddy.
2. Orient to some surface object for reference. The most exact way for a diver to orient himself is by
using a compass.
3. Remove the snorkel and replace it with the regulator mouthpiece
4. Time-check: the timing device must be set. If using a diver's watch, then set the watch bezel or
record start of dive. If a computer is used, divers should make sure that the computer is turned on and
ready to record.
5. Deflate the BCD just enough so that one slowly begins to sink and exhale to help self in
descending. Equalize the ears (pinch-blow nose technique). This will help in the subsequent
equalization. Keep BCD inflator at hand in order to add air to BCD as you descend.
6. Feet first in descent or at least the head is above the feet to remain oriented.
Descending
Descending to water should be done in a slow and controlled way, this is what they call the controlled
descent. It is using the lungs to descend and the BCD for making oneself neutrally buoyant. Why is
this important? It serves as preventive measure to stay safe. Specifically, it is for the following reasons:

1. If ear equalization problem arises and cannot stop descent, there is the risk of an ear barotrauma or
an injury in the ears.
2. A diver must be able to descend slowly so as not to land on the bottom. We have to remember that a
gentle fin kick can injure corals or other aquatic life, destroy some delicate historical information on a
shipwreck, or can stir up sediment that will cause visibility reduction.
3. A diver should be able to stay close with his buddy during descent. A diver who goes ahead of
his/her buddy will not be able to assist a buddy who is making a slower descent.
4. Slower descent makes the dive more enjoyable and not stressful.
The following steps will ensure a completed descent:
Step 1: Understand the Use of the Buoyancy Compensator Device (BCD)
The BCD is used for buoyancy control, not a means for one to ascend or descend; otherwise, it will further lead
to loss of buoyancy control. Adjust the BCD to achieve neutral buoyancy. Deflate BCD to compensate
excessively positive buoyancy and inflate to compensate excessively negative buoyancy. Positive bouyancy is
when the person moves up while negative buoyancy is when the person moves down. Neutral buoyancy is
achieved when the person does not go up or down.
Step 2: DO NOT deflate All the Air from the BCD to Begin the Descent
To control descent, establish first neutral buoyancy at the surface. This is done by deflating the BCD little by
little until one floats at the mask-level (with lungs full of air) and sink a little when one breathes out. Do not
deflate the BCD hastily as this will make one plunge downward like an anchor. With practice, one will learn to
deflate the BCD exactly to a point in one shot.
Step 3: Exhale Fully to Begin Your Descent
Fully exhale to begin descent. This will take practice. Exhale all the air out of the lungs slowly and then hold the
air out of the lungs for a few seconds. The exhaling should take around 10 seconds. Expect to slowly sink near
the end of the ten seconds. If one finds himself back at the surface, then deflate the BCD a little more and do the
process again.
Step 4: Re-Establish Neutral Buoyancy

Allow oneself to descend downward until one feels he/she no longer control buoyancy with lungs. It
means that even when inhaling, he/she still continues to sink, indicating that he/she is no longer neutrally
buoyant. Remember, the goal is neutral buoyancy. Thus, when one continues to sini inflate BCD just a
little or inhale to rise slightly. Take some time to find this point of neutral buoyancy

Step 5: Regroup

After a few feet of descent, re-establish neutral buoyancy. Then, check ears and properly equalize. Check
depth gauge and orient oneself if one is approaching or has reached the intended depth. Also, check the
dive buddy.

Step 6: Reaching the Destination

Descend by exhaling once again until one has reached the intended depth.
Ascending
When one is ready to end a dive, do the following:

1. Signal buddy and begin the ascent together.

2. Begin ascent while there is still sufficient air remaining in the tank. (Never wait until air supply is
exhausted.)
3. Go slowly. Check watch and depth gauge or dive computer and ascend with the rate of 30 feet per
minute rate, although US Navy Dive Tables allow a maximum ascent of 20 feet or 18 meters per
minute.
4. Breathe continuously when ascending; do not hold breath.
5. Make a safety stop when one reaches 15 feet for 3 to 5 minutes. A safety stop allows time to
eliminate nitrogen from the body, thus decreasing the risk of decompression sickness.
6. Extend one hand over head, look up at the surface and slowly rotate 360 degrees as one ascends.
7. Drift slowly to the surface. When on surface, inflate BCD and make the signal. Re-enter the boat.
How do we communicate underwater?
Communication is very essential among
divers, and the best way for them to
communicate is through hand signals. The
Recreational Scuba Training Council
agencies came up with a set of hand
signals of universal use. These signals are
taught to every diving student and must be
practiced and mastered. The following are
the common dive signal as released by
Recreational Scuba Training Council, Inc.
(RSTC) in 2005:
Where can one enroll to earn a diving certificate?
The more popular diving institutes are the Professional Association of Diving Institute (PAD) and Scuba School
international St. Most the sites or resorts in the Philippines have an SSI or PADI Center with instructors who can
give the basic training while at the resort. Other centers are also located within the city. This can easily be
searched through their websites. After the diving course and having passed the test, a diving certificate or C-card
will be given. It is a certificate which recognizes your training skill level certified by a recognized diving training
school. This certification is usually required when booking a dive trip, renting scuba equipment, or even filling
diving cylinders.

What are the health-related benefits of diving?

Diving on a regular basis improves and maintains the general fitness and stamina level. Exercising in water is very
effective because of the water's natural resistance against our bodies. It improves cardio-vascular performance and
is translated into reduced risk of heart attacks, strokes, and circulatory problems and ailments in general.
Muscle tone and strength are also improved due to the movement through the water and the physical effort of
carrying equipment such as the weight belt and diving gear.
What are the safety reminders in scuba diving?
The Divers Alert Network or DAN (n.d.) described important reminders especially for new divers. They are
summarized as follows:

Before Diving
✓ Make sure you are fit to dive.
Always listen to instructor or dive guide.
✓ Plan your dive depth, time, and safety stop with your buddy.
Choose dives that match your skills.
✓ Check equipment thoroughly.
During the Dive
✓ Breathe normally all the time-never hold your breath
✓ Equalize your ears frequently as you descend.
✓ Stay aware where your guide and buddy are located.
✓ Keep an eye on your air gauge.
✓ Dive within the limits of your dive computer and no deeper than 40 meters
✓ Do not overexert yourself
✓ Do not touch anything.
✓ Always ascend slowly from every dive.
✓ Listen to inner voice. If you feel you have exceeded your comfort level, then abort dive.
✓ When finishing descent, establish neutral buoyancy, ensure that ears are ok, check your air and
depth, tighten your weight belt if necessary, and communicate with your buddy that you are ok.
✓ Watch your ascent rate on all dives.
✓ Make a safety stop.

After Dive

✓ Stow all gear away on the boat.

✓ Debrief with guide and buddy and discuss what you can improve on the next dive.
✓ If you feel something strange, let others know.
✓ Do not fly until at least 18-24 hours. Flying is a pressurized environment and can cause
decompression sickness if nitrogen has not dissipated from body.
 Presentors:

Niña Mae Monge

Ylmas Zee-jay Eclarinal
Carl Kenneth Borromeo
Jhayme Jasmaine Ramos
John Francis Orolfo
Thank you