Paper Presentation

on

Machine Learning Unveiled: An Extensive Overview of Techniques

And Applications
by

Darpan Gupta, Chandra Pratap Singh, Doshant Verma, Farhat Ali Khan, Jitendra Kumar, Pramod Bisht,
Vipul Kumar Vishnoi

Research Scholars, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad,Uttar

Pradesh, India
 Introduction to Machine Learning
What is Machine Learning?
“Learning is any process by which a system improves
performance from experience.” - Herbert Simon
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Semi-Supervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Deep Learning v/s Machine Learning
 Some Commonly Used ML Algorithms:
 Linear Regression: Widely utilized for predicting continuous output through the establishment of a
linear relationship among input features, making it a fundamental element for various regression
tasks.
 Logistic Regression: Tailored for estimating the probability of an instance belonging to a specific
class, logistic regression proves particularly beneficial in binary classification tasks, showcasing its
adaptability.
 Decision Trees:These construct a tree-like structure to aid decision-making based on input features,
exhibiting adaptability suitable for various scenarios, encompassing both classification and regression
tasks.
 Random Forest: Representing a potent ensemble learning method, random forests contains multiple
decision trees to enhance accuracy and alleviate overfitting in predictive modeling, contributing to the
development of robust predictive models. It combines the output of multiple decision trees to reach a
single result.
 Support Vector Machines (SVM):An efficient algorithm excelling in separating classes in high-
dimensional space using a hyperplane, proving effective for both classification and regression
problems, especially in scenarios with complex data structures.
 K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN): a non-parametric, supervised learning classifier, which uses
proximity to make classifications or predictions about the grouping of an individual data point.
 K-Means: Functioning as an unsupervised learning algorithm, K-Means clusters data assigns data
points to one of the K clusters depending on their distance from the center of the clusters. It serves
as a valuable tool for exploratory data analysis and pattern discovery.
 Naive Bayes: This classification algorithm, rooted in Bayes' theorem, is widely used in tasks such
as text classification. Its simplicity and efficiency make it well-suited for specific types of
classification challenges.
 Principal Component Analysis (PCA): Operating as an unsupervised learning technique, Principal
component analysis is a linear dimensionality reduction technique with applications in exploratory
data analysis, visualization and data preprocessing.
 Neural Networks : a method in artificial intelligence that teaches computers to process data in a way
that is inspired by the human brain. It is a type of machine learning process, called deep learning,
that uses interconnected nodes or neurons in a layered structure that resembles the human brain.
Their ability to learn complex patterns establishes them as a cornerstone in deep learning.
 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN): a type of Neural Network where the output from the previous
step is fed as input to the current step. It is crucial for tasks requiring temporal comprehension of
data.
 Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM): is a machine learning ensemble technique that combines the
predictions of multiple weak learners, typically decision trees, sequentially. in order to minimize the
error.
 Future Scope & Conclusion
 This paper provides an in-depth examination of machine learning methodologies, furnishing a thorough
overview of the machine learning process within a well-organized framework. It also talks about diverse
machine learning algorithms, classifying them based on various styles of machine learning.
 The potential of machine learning in the future is vast and promising, marked by its dynamic and continually
evolving nature. It is influencing sectors such as healthcare, transportation, cybersecurity, marketing, and
more.
 In the healthcare domain, machine learning is anticipated to bring about a revolution in diagnostics, treatment
planning, and drug discovery, contributing to more precise and personalized medical interventions.
 Autonomous vehicles stand to gain from the capabilities of machine learning and elevating their proficiency.
 Machine learning is projected to play a crucial role in the future of cybersecurity, where advanced algorithms
will be instrumental in detecting and preventing sophisticated cyber threats.
 Personalized marketing strategies, fueled by insights from machine learning, are set to redefine customer
experiences by creating targeted and more satisfying interactions.
 With the continuous expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing, machine learning will
facilitate real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
 Advancements in deep learning are anticipated to drive breakthroughs in image recognition, speech synthesis,
and intricate pattern recognition. Explainable AI (XAI) is expected to gain prominence, ensuring transparency
and ethical practices in AI decision-making processes.
 Educational initiatives will be pivotal in preparing professionals for the increasing demand for machine
 References
 1. H.M. El Misilmani, T. Naous, S.K. Al Khatib. A review on the design and optimization of antennas using machine
learning algorithms and techniques. Int. J. RF Microwave Comput. Aided Eng. 2020;30(10):22356.
 2. Z. Wei, Z. Zhou, P. Wang, J. Ren, Y. Yin, G.F. Pedersen, M. Shen, “Fully Automated Design Method Based on
Reinforcement Learning and Surrogate Modeling for Antenna Array Decoupling,” I E E E Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, 71(1), 660-671 (2023).
 3. R. Yuan, Z. Li, X. Guan, L. Xu, “An SVM-based machine learning method for accurate internet traffic
classification,” Inf. Syst. Front. 12, 149–156 (2010)
 4. K. Shailaja, B. Seetharamulu, M. Jabbar, “Machine learning in healthcare: A review. In Proceedings of the 2018,”
Second International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), Coimbatore,
India, pp. 910–914 (29–31 March 2018).
 5. S. Das, A. Dey, A. Pal, N. Roy, “Applications of artificial intelligence in machine learning: Review and prospect,”
Int. J. Comput. Appl. (2015)
 6. F. Song, Z. Guo, D. Mei, “Feature selection using principal component analysis. In Proceedings of the 2010,”
International Conference on System Science, Engineering Design and Manufacturing Informatization, Yichang,
China, Volume 1, pp. 27–30 (12–14 November 2010)
 7. O. F. Arar, K. Ayan, “A feature dependent Naive Bayes approach and its application to the software defect
prediction problem,” Appl. Soft Comput., 59, 197–209 (2017)
 8. J. Zhang, Z. Zhan, Y. Lin, N. Chen, Y. Gong, J. Zhong, H. S. H. Chung, Y. Li and Y. Shi, “Evolutionary
Computation Meets Machine Learning: A Survey,” IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.
68–75, (Nov. 2011).
 References
 9. V. Nasteski, “An overview of the supervised machine learning methods,” Horizons. B, 4, 51–62 (2017).
 10. S.B. Kotsiantis, I. Zaharakis, P. Pintelas, “Supervised machine learning: A review of classification techniques:, Emerg. Artif. Intell.
Appl. Comput. Eng., 160, 3–24 (2007).
 11. D. Ustun, A. Toktas and A. Akdagli,. “Deep Neural Network–based Soft Computing The Resonant Frequency of E–Shaped Patch
Antennas:, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, (2019)
 12. S. Suthaharan, “Support vector machine. In Machine Learning Models and Algorithms for Big Data Classification,” Springer:
Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 207–235 (2016).
 13. H. M. Balaha, A. E. S. Hassan, “Skin cancer diagnosis based on deep transfer learning and sparrow search algorithm,” Neural
Comput. Appl. 35, 815–853 (2023).
 14. M. Nilashi, H. Ahmadi, A. A. Manaf, T.A. Rashid, S. Samad, L. Shahmoradi, N. Aljojo, E. Akbari, “Coronary heart disease
diagnosis through self-organizing map and fuzzy support vector machine with incremental updates,” Int. J. Fuzzy Syst., 22, 1376–1388
(2020)
 15. T. Rahman, M.E.H. Chowdhury, A. Khandakar, K.R. Islam, K.F. Islam, Z.B. Mahbub, M.A. Kadir, S. Kashem, “Transfer Learning
with Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for Pneumonia Detection Using Chest X-ray,” Appl. Sci., 10, 3233 (2020).
 16. M. F. Aslan, M.F. Unlersen, K. Sabanci, A. Durdu, “CNN-based transfer learning BiLSTM network: A novel approach for COVID-
19 infection detection,” Appl. Soft Comput., 98, 106912 (2021).
 17. M. Anthimopoulos, S. Christodoulidis, L. Ebner, A. Christe,and S. Mougiakakou, “Lung pattern classification for interstitial lung
diseases using a deep convolutional neural network,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1207–1216, (2016).
 18. M. A. Ferrag, L. Maglaras, S. Moschoyiannis, and H. Janicke, “Deep learning for cyber security intrusion detection: approaches,
datasets, and comparative study,” Journal of Information Security and Applications, vol. 50, Article ID 102419, (2020)
 References
 19. J. Schlemper, J. Caballero, J. V. Hajnal, A. Price, and D. Rueckert, “A deep cascade of convolutional neural
networks for MR image reconstruction,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 647–658, (2017).
 20. W. Shen, M. Zhou, F. Yang, C. Yang, and J. Tian, “Multiscale convolutional neural networks for lung nodule
classification,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 24, pp. 588–599, (2015).
 21. M. S. Mahdavinejad, M. Rezvan, M. Barekatain, P. Adibi, P. Barnaghi, and A. P. Sheth, “Machine learning for
internet of things data analysis: a survey,” Digital Communications and Networks, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 161–175, (2018).
 22. I. H. Sarker, A. S. M. Kayes, S. Badsha, H. Alqahtani, P. Watters, and A. Ng, “Cybersecurity data science: an
overview from machine learning perspective,” Journal of Big Data, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 41–29, (2020).
 23. F. Y. Sun, Y. B. Tian, G. B. Hu, and Q. Y. Shen, “DOA estimation based on support vector machine ensemble,”
International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, vol. 32, no. 5, p. e2614,
(2019).
 24. V. H. Quej, J. Almorox, J. A. Arnaldo, and L. Saito, “ANFIS, SVM and ANN soft-computing techniques to estimate
daily global solar radiation in a warm sub-humid environment,” Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,
vol. 155, pp. 62–70, (2017).
 25. R. Sagar, R. Jhaveri, and C. Borrego, “Applications in security and evasions in machine learning: a survey,”
Electronics, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 97, (Jan. 2020).
 26. M. A. Mat-Daut, M. Y. Hassan, H. Abdullah, H. A. Rahman, M. P. Abdullah, and F. Hussin, “Building electrical
energy consumption forecasting analysis using conventional and artificial intelligence methods: a review,” Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 70, pp. 1108–1118, (2017).
 References
 27. T. R. Gadekallu, M. K. Manoj, S. Sivarama-Krishna, K. Neeraj, S. Hakak, and S. Bhattacharya,
“Blockchain-based attack detection on machine learning algorithms for IoT-based e-health applications,”
IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 30–33, (2021).
 28. S. Faizollahzadeh-Ardabili, B. Najafi, M. Alizamir, A. Mosavi, S. Shamshirband, and T. Rabczuk,
“Using SVM-RSM and ELM-RSM approaches for optimizing the production process of methyl and ethyl
esters,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 2889, (2018).
 29. M. H. Abidi, H. Alkhalefah, K. Moiduddin et al., “Optimal 5G network slicing using machine learning
and deep learning concepts,” Computer Standards & Interfaces, vol. 76, no. 2021, Article ID 103518,
(2021).
 30. K. Amasyali and N. M. El-Gohary, “A review of data-driven building energy consumption prediction
studies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 81, pp. 1192–1205, (2018).
 31. Y. Peng, A. Rysanek, Z. Nagy, and A. Schlüter, “Using machine learning techniques for occupancy-
prediction-based cooling control in office buildings,” Applied Energy, vol. 211, pp. 1343–1358, (2018).
 32. C. Robinson, B. Dilkina, J. Hubbs et al., “Machine learning approaches for estimating commercial
building energy consumption,” Applied Energy, vol. 208, pp. 889–904, (2017).
 33. B. Yildiz, J. I. Bilbao, and A. B. Sproul, “A review and analysis of regression and machine learning
models on commercial building electricity load forecasting,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
vol. 73, pp. 1104–1122, (2017).
Thank You