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Analog Lecture Active Filters 2

The document discusses different types of active filters including Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and Elliptic filters. It describes the magnitude response and transfer function of filters. Key parameters for filter design specifications are cutoff frequency, stopband edge, passband ripple and stopband attenuation. Pole-zero plots and responses of different filter types are illustrated.

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25 views20 pages

Analog Lecture Active Filters 2

The document discusses different types of active filters including Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and Elliptic filters. It describes the magnitude response and transfer function of filters. Key parameters for filter design specifications are cutoff frequency, stopband edge, passband ripple and stopband attenuation. Pole-zero plots and responses of different filter types are illustrated.

Uploaded by

yashrathodyr1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Electronics

Lecture 18 : Active Filters contd…


Fri 23 Feb 2024

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering


BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
Magnitude response of filters – Practical response

 Transmission of Low pass filter is specified by four important


parameters
 Pass band edge or cut off frequency or break frequency ωp. ( range
of frequencies transmitted without excessive attenuation)
 Stop band edge ωs.( range of frequencies attenuated)
 Maximum deviation allowed in Pass band transmission Amax (dB).
(Max. allowable change in gain within the pass band)
 Minimum allowable stop band attenuation Amin(dB). (Minimum
allowable attenuation within the stop band)
Filter design

 When specifications are known


1. A basic prototype function is chosen and it is modified to meet
the specifications to obtain the transfer function of the filter. This
is filter approximation.
2. Standard prototype filter functions available are
1. Butterworth
2. Chebyshev/ Inverse Chebyshev
3. Bessel
4. Elliptic
5 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Types of filter approximations

Flat PB and Flat SB Ripples in PB and Flat SB


Flat amplitude 20 N dB/dec roll off Sharper roll off
response, than Butterworth
sharpness filter,
increases with More attenuation in
order of filter SB

Ripples in SB and Ripples in both PB and SB


Flat PB
Sharper cut off
Sharper roll off than
Butterworth filter

7 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Amplitude response of different types of low-pass filter

Bessel, similar to Butterworth


but not as flat as Butterworth
SB attenuation is not as high
as Butterworth
Transfer function of analog Filter

H( S) = Vo(s)/ Vi(s)
H(jω) = |T(jω)|e j φ(ω)
G(ω) = 20 log |T(jω)|dB is gain function
A(ω) = - 20 log |T(jω)|dB is attenuation function

H(s) = K

z1, z2……zM are the transfer function zeros or transmission zeros


p1, p2…..pN are the transfer function poles or transmission poles

 Poles and zeros can be real or complex numbers.


 When poles and zeros are complex they occur in conjugate pairs.
 Degree of the denominator is the order of the filter.
 For filter to be stable M ≤ N. 10 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Transmission characteristics of LPF- Example
BAND pass filter
LoW pass filter

Zero transmission at two stopband frequencies


ωl1 and ωl2

Also zero transmission at infinity

11 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


All pole filter: pole zero plot and response

Here the transmission becomes zero only at s = ∞ . The filter transfer function is

T(s) =

14 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Transfer function pole zero plot

Hence for a filter, Zeros always lies on the imaginary axis and at zero and
infinity.

But a Low pass filter should not have zero at s =0

And a High pass filter should not have Zero at s = ∞.

For stability constraints all poles most lie in the left half of s-plane.

To have high selectivity ( sharpness)


All poles are complex conjugate
Filter should be a higher order filter
Poles locate closer to imaginary axis.
15 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Standard prototype for filter design is Butterworth.

 In case of LPF from the given specifications of p, ωs, Amax (dB), Amin (dB) the ϵ
and N (order of the filter) can be determined.
 To achieve a low-pass Butterworth response, we need to create a transfer
function whose poles are arranged as follows:
• Poles have equal angular spacing and lie along a semicircular path in the left
half-plane.
• Distance between the origin and each pole is the same, and this in turn means
that all poles have the same frequency ω0.
• Angle that separates the poles is equal to 180°/N, where N is the order of the
filter. In the example above, N = 4, and the separation angle is 180°/4 = 45°.
• First and last pole are separated from the imaginary axis by an angle of π/2N.
• Equal angular spacing of the Butterworth poles indicates that even-order
filters will have only complex-conjugate poles. Odd-order filters have
complex-conjugate poles plus one purely real pole that lies along the negative
real axis at a distance of ω0 from the origin.
• All poles have the same ω0, but the horizontal distance from the origin varies.
Thus, the poles have different Q factors.

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