Emotions

By : Dr Laxmi (PG Part-1)

Dept. Of Organon Of Medicine
And Homoeopathic Philosophy
Under The Guidance : Dr MEENA .
 Objectives
• At The End Of The Class The Learner Shall Be Able To :
• Define Emotions.
• Describe The Characteristics Of Emotions
• Explain Theories About Emotions
• State Some Of The Basic Emotions
• Explain Emotions In Relation To Homoeopathy
 Introduction

• Emotions occupy a place of great importance in human life because they make life
infinitely vivid and beautiful.
• Life without emotions will be a dull and monotonous as of a machine.
• Emotions is not an essay question to answer because it has numerous aspects you
would wonder there are 92 definition available and many more could be found.
 Defi nition
• Emotions are some sort of feelings or affective experiences which
are characterized by some physiological changes that generally lead
them to perform some or other types of behavioral acts.
• Emotions are mental states brought on by
neurophysiological changes, variously associated with
thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of
pleasure or displeasure There is currently no
scientific consensus on a definition.
• Emotion are often intertwined with mood, temperament,
personality, disposition, or creativity.
The general agreement among scientists who study in emotions however that they
involved 3 major components;
• Physiological changes within our body shift in heart rate blood pressure and so on .
• Subjective cognitive states the personal experience we label as emotions.
• Expressive behaviour the outward science of the internal reactions.
 Characteristics Of Emotions
1) The emotional experience are associated with some instincts of biological
drives the basic need is satisfied of challenged or when satisfaction is in
danger the emotions play their role.
2) The perception of proper stimulus is needed to start an emotional
experience this stimulus may be an object or any situation thus we can say
emotions are products of perception.
3) Actually feeling is the core of every emotion whatever the emotional
experience we have feeling is always present with that.
4) Every emotional experience involves some physiological changes some of the changes are
over means observable like flush of face, changes in the bulge of face, flow of tears, pulse
rate variation choke in the voice etc.
5) Emotions are prevalent in every living being and they are present at all stages of
development and can be aroused in young as well as in old sometimes some emotions can
be aroused by a number of different stimuli objects and situations.
6) Emotions has a quality of displacement the emotion aroused on account of one stimulus
get transferred to other situation .
 Mood V/S Emotions
• In contrast to moods, which are generally longer lasting, emotions are transitory,
with relatively well-defined beginnings and endings.
• They also have valence, meaning that they are either positive or negative.
• Emotions have 2 aspect Event
1. Emotional behaviour
2. Emotional experience Emotional
Behaviour

Emotional
Experience
1.Emotional behaviour includes external and internal bodily changes like facial
expressions smiling, laughing .emotional behaviour also includes the physiological
arousal reaction like increased blood pressure rate and secretion of glands.
2.Emotional experience we not only act emotional but also feel emotional thus
emotional experience is the feeling ,it is subjective and it involves elements of
pleasure or displeasure or liking and disliking .
 Theories Of Emotion
Types of Theories of Emotion
The major theories of emotion can be grouped into three
main categories:
1.Physiological theories suggest that responses within the
body are responsible for emotions.
2.Neurological theories propose that activity within the
brain leads to emotional responses.
3.Cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental
activities play an essential role in forming emotions.
Based on physiology ,neurology and the cognitive theory these theories have been
formed
1. James-lange Theory
2. Cannon-bard Theory
3. Two Factor The0ry
4. Schachter-singer Theory
5. Cognitive – Appraisal Theory
 James-lange Theory
• This theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.
• According to this theory an external stimulus leads to a physiological reaction. Your
emotional reaction depends upon how you interpret those physical reactions.
• As we experience different events, our nervous system develops physical reactions to
these events. Examples of these reactions include increased heart rate, trembling,
upset stomach, etc. These physical reactions in turn create emotional reactions such
as anger, fear and sadness.
 Cannon-Bard Theory
• Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James Lange Theory and
proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take
place simultaneously.
• According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions and
experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle
tension simultaneously.
 Two-factor Theory

• This theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions.
Emotions have two factors– physical arousal and cognitive label.
• A cognitive evaluation of what caused the responses.
• This theory focuses on the role of physiological arousal as a primary factor in
emotions. However, it also suggests that physical arousals alone cannot be
responsible for all the emotional responses. Therefore, it takes into account the
cognitive aspect of the emotional reaction.
• The whole process begins with an external stimulus followed by the physiological
arousal .The cognitive labels come into action when we associate the physiological
arousals to , which is immediately followed by the conscious experience of the
emotion .
 Schachter-singer Theory

• According to this theory, the element of reasoning plays an important role in how
we experience emotions.
• It suggests that when an event causes physiological arousal, we try to find a reason
for this arousal. Then we experience and label the emotion.
• The schachter-singer theory is a cognitive theory of emotion that suggests our
thoughts are responsible for emotions.
 Cognitive –Appraisal Theory

• Richard’s Cognitive – Appraisal Theory discards the role of physiological responses

and maintains that our emotion depends only upon the cognitive appraisal or
interpretation of the situation.
For example, you are sitting in a dark room all by
yourself and all of a sudden you hear breathing sound
behind you. Your heart rate increases and you begin to
tremble.
You interpret these physical responses as you are
scared and so you experience fear.

While you are experiencing these physical reactions,

you also experience the emotion of fear.

Upon noticing these physical reactions, you realize

that they come from the fact that you are all alone in a
dark room. You think that you may be in danger, and
you feel the emotion of fear.
For example, you are sitting in a dark room all by
yourself and all of a sudden you hear breathing
sound behind you. Your heart rate increases and you
begin to tremble.
You notice the increased heart rate and realize that it
is caused by fear. Therefore, you feel frightened

We are frightened because we are alone in dark

room.
 EMOTIONS IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS

• Emotions play an important role in our life. They give us energy to carry out the activity. they
provide change and colour to life.
• A positive emotion can improve the quality of life and improve health. People who are
emotionally healthy are in control of their thoughts, feelings, and behavior. They feel good about
themselves and have good relationships.
• A negative emotion prevents a person seeing and accepting life situations normally. Anger, fear,
shame, guilt, arrogance, envy, jealousy, sadness, or disappointments are negative emotions
expressed through the aggression and violence, as well as self-pity, loneliness, boredom, and
inadequacy.
• Negative emotions can hamper health and happiness. poor emotional health can
weaken the body’s immune system and increase one’s vulnerability to cold and
other infections during emotionally difficult times.
• when negative feelings dominant in person depression can set in. when
emotionally disturbed one will not be able to take care of health properly. The
psychosomatic disorder usually applied when a person has physical symptoms that
appear to be caused or worsened by psychological factors.
• Let us see some of basic human emotions and psychosomatic disorder due to
disturbed emotions.
 Basic Emotions
There are six types of emotions where the
facial expressions, have been found to be
universal, even among blind persons, who
have no means of imitating them.
These are happiness, sadness, fear,
anger, disgust and surprise.
 HAPPINESS
• The feeling of being pleased or happy.
• Happiness is a sense of well-being, joy, or contentment.
When people are successful, or safe, or lucky, they feel
happiness.
• The three things that make people most happy are
PLEASURE (doing things you enjoy), ENGAGEMENT
(feeling interested in your activities and connected to
others), and MEANING (feeling like what you do
matters).
 SADNESS
• Sadness is an emotional state characterized by feelings of
unhappiness and low mood. It is considered one of the
basic human emotions. It is a normal response to
situations that are upsetting, painful, or disappointing.
Sometimes these feelings can feel more intense, while in
other cases they might be fairly mild.
• Sadness describes the range, or family, of emotional states
we can experience containing everything from mild
disappointment to extreme despair and anguish.
 ANGER
• Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward
someone or something you feel has deliberately done you
wrong. Anger can be a good thing. It can give you a way to
express negative feelings .
• It arises when we are blocked from pursuing a goal and/or
treated unfairly. At its most extreme, anger can be one of the
most dangerous emotions because of its potential
connection to violence and, therefore, is a common emotion
to seek help in dealing with.
 FEAR
• Fear is an intensely unpleasant emotion in response to perceiving or
recognizing a danger or threat. Fear causes physiological changes that may
produce behavioral reactions such as mounting an aggressive response or
fleeing the threat.
• It is experienced by everyone around the world. Fear arises with the threat
of harm, either physical, emotional, or psychological, real or
imagined. While traditionally considered a “negative” emotion, fear
actually serves an important role in keeping us safe as it mobilizes us to
cope with potential danger.
• Fear can sometimes take place immediately following surprise and often
oscillates with the experience of anger.
 DISGUST
• A feeling of aversion towards something offensive. We can feel
disgusted by something we perceive with our physical senses
(sight, smell, touch, sound, taste), by the actions or appearances
of people, and even by ideas.
• Disgust contains a range of states with varying intensities from
mild dislike to intense loathing. All states of disgust are triggered
by the feeling that something is aversive, repulsive and/or toxic.
• Disgust may also alternate with the feeling of anger if the
disgusted person is angry about being made to feel disgust
 SURPRISE
• The feeling that you have when something
happens that you do not expect.
• Arises when we encounter sudden and
unexpected sounds or movements. As the
briefest of the universal emotions, its
function is to focus our attention on
determining what is happening and whether
or not it is dangerous.
 Emotions And Homoeopathy

• Homoeopathy gives great importance to mental health both in the treatment of physical and
mental illness. The Homoeopathic understanding of health is intimately connected to its
understanding of the mind in general.
• They generally assume that body and mind are dynamically interconnected and that both
directly influence each other. Homoeopaths base virtually every Homoeopathic prescription of
the physical and mental symptoms of the sick person.
• disturbed emotions often play a primary role in the selection of the correct Medicine.
 How Disturbed Emotional State Is Expressed?

• Unbalanced and suppressed emotions are expressed in the form of disease for eg;
1. Anxiety Disorder: Here severe anxiety interferes with normal adjustment and functioning.
2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Persistent Anxiety.
3. Panic Attack: Sudden intense fear.
4. P.T.S.D Fear & Anxiety.
5. Phobias: Specific Fears.
6. OCD
7. Mood disorders, mania, bipolar disorder
8. Personality disorder
 How Emotions Helps With Homoeopathic Therapeutics?
Knowing the cause for the disease is one of the major factor based on which the remedy can be selected
So the physical/mental suffering of the person caused by the disturbed/suppresed emotional status help us find the
similar remedy .
1. Ill effects of— Fear, Dread, Fright = 47 medicines
2. For consequences of joy = 9 medicines
3. For consequences of grief = 16 medicines
4. Homesickness, nostalgia = 15 medicines
5. Love pangs = 13 medicines
6. Mortifications, insults = 21 medicines
7. Insanity, Mental Derangements 123 medicines.
 Expression Of Disturbed Emotions In diff erent
Miasms
• Emotions are an important part of active life, we react with different types of emotions in different life
situations.
• Cognitive abilities, emotional abilities and various other skills and talents are important in making
us complete individuals.
• But sudden change in life situations, constant stress, physical illness, social interactions, financial
troubles, accidents may sometimes lead to an emotional imbalance. Emotional trauma can lead to
physical illness – poor sleep, lack of concentration, poor digestion, head ache, fatigue, tiredness, body
pain, social life issues and also may increase the chance to get addicted to alcohol, smoking, drugs,
sedentary habits etc.
• Let us see how disturbed emotions are expressed in different miasm.
 Emotions Are Expressed In Different Miasm

emotion Psora Sycosis syphilis

Happiness Introvert do not express his Extrovert ,over exhabration Idiotic,happiness from escape
feelings of the emotions from responses

Sadness Sad and depressed grief is Sadness due to inferior Destructive sadness ,tendency
marked, felling ,jealousy to suicide.

Disgust Disgust from dishonesty. Self condemnation ,always Dull stubborn with fixed
broods on matter ideas, guilty about himself
 Emotions Are Expressed In Different Miasm

emotion Psora Sycosis syphilis

Fear All varieties of fears are Fear due to incoordation of They are due to lack of
classed under psora and thoughts, due to which realisation and expression fear
manifest as anxiety ,alertness sycotic person experience with anguish
and apprehension with mental fear
restlessness
Anger Fear turning into anger Due to suspicious and Closed mouthed with
jealous irritability and cruelty

surprise Nerveousness with surprise Excitiment is marked Dull,slow in comprehension

 Rubrics Of Basic Emotions From The Kents Repertory

FEAR: ;Total 143 medicines of which 21 med in the 1st SURPRISE: Pleasant, affections, after: Coff.
grade ANXIETY: Total 203 medicines of which 37 medicines
Acon., Arg-n., Aur., Bell., Bor., Calc., Cal-p., Carb-s., are of 1st grade.
Cic., Dig., Graph., Ign., Kali-ar., Lyc., Lyss., Nat-c., Acon., Arg-n., Ars., Ars-i., Aur., Bell., Bism., Bry., Cact.,
Phos., Plat., Psor., Sep., Stram Calc., Calc-p., Calc-s., Camph., Cann-i., Carb-s., Carb-
FRIGHT; complaints from: 46 medicines of which 9 v., Caust., Chin., Con., Dig., Iod., Kali-ar., Kali-c., Kali-
medicines are of the 1st grade. p., Kali-s., Lyc., Mez., Nat-a., Nat-c., Nit-ac., Phos.,
Psor., Puls., Rhus-t., Sec., Sulph., Verat
Acon., Ign., Lyco,. Nat-m., Op., Ph-ac.,Phos., Puls., Sil
• SADNESS • ANTICIPATION
• Total 249 medicines of which 48 medicines are of the 1st • complaints from: Total 6 medicines of which none are of
grade. 1st grade.
• Acon., Ars., Ars-i., Aur., Aur-m., Calc., Calc-ar., Calc-s., • Arg-n., ars., gels., lyc., med., ph-ac
Carb-an., Carb-s., Caust., Cham., Chin., Cimic., Crot-c.,
Ferr., Ferr-i., Gels., Graph., Hell., Hipp., Ign., Iod., Kalibr., • ANGER:
Kali-p., Lac-c., Lach., Lept., Lil-t., Lyc., Merc., Mez., Murx., • Total 18 med in 1st grade
Nat-a., Nat-c., Nat-m., Nat-s., Nit-ac., Plat., Psor., Puls.,
rhus-t., Sep., Stann., Sulph., Thuja., Verat., Zinc. • Acon., Anac., Ars., Aur., Bry.,Cham., Hep.,Ign.,Kalic.,Kali-
s., Lyc.,Nat-m., Nit-ac., Nux-v., Petr., Sep., Staph., Sulph.
ailments after anger: 10 medicines in 1st grade Acon.,
Cham.,Cocc., Coloc.,Ign.,Ip.,Nux-v.,Op., Plat.,Staph
• JOY:
• Ailments from excessive: Total 8 medicines but none are of the 1st grade.
• acon., caust., coff., croc., cycl., nat-c.,op.,puls.

• EMOTIONAL (See Excitement) EXCITEMENT

• Emotional, ailments from: Total 39 medicines of which 7 medicines are of the first grade.
• Caps., Coff., Coll., Gels., Ph-ac., Puls., Staph.
 SUMMARY
• Emotions are some sort of feelings or affective experiences which are characterized by some physiological changes
that generally lead them to perform some or other types of behavioral acts.
• emotions however involved 3 major components;
• Physiological changes
• Subjective cognitive states
• Expressive behaviour
• The relation between the three components of emotions is tried to explain by different theories.
• Disturbed and Suppression of these emotions are one of the cause for the suffering of man kind and they play an
important role in treatment.
 References
• Textbook of psychology by Rajeev Khanna
• Textbook of psychology by bichitr Mishra
• www.Wikipedia.com
• https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-emotions-2795178
• https://www.slideshare.net/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&searchfrom=header&q=emotions
• Kents repertory
• Dubeys,s materia medica