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Measurement Scales

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20 views18 pages

Measurement Scales

Uploaded by

eddache04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MEASUREMENT OGENDI JN.

SCALES
INTRODUCTION
Statistics is a field of study concerned with
1-collection, organization, summarization and analysis of
data.
2-drawing of inferences about a body of data when only a
part of the data is observed.
Statisticians try to interpret and
Communicate the results to others.
INTRODUCTION….
Biostatistics:
The tools of statistics are employed in many fields:
business, education, psychology, agriculture, economics, …etc.
When the data analyzed are derived from the biological science and medicine,
we use the term biostatistics to distinguish this particular application of
statistical tools and concepts.
INTRO….
Data:
•The raw material of Statistics is data.
•We may define data as figures. Figures result from the process of counting or
from taking a measurement.

For example:
•When a hospital administrator counts the number of patients (counting).
•When a nurse weighs a patient (measurement).
INTRO…
Sources of Data:
We search for suitable data to serve as the raw material for our investigation.
Such data are available from one or more of the following sources:
1-Routinely kept records.
For example:
-Hospital medical records contain immense amounts of information on patients.
-Hospital accounting records contain a wealth of data on the facility’s business
activities.
INTRO…
2-External sources.
The data needed to answer a question may already exist in the form of
published reports, commercially available data banks, or the research
literature, i.e. someone else has already asked the same question.
INTRO….
3-Surveys:
The source may be a survey, if the data needed is about answering certain
questions.
For example:
If the administrator of a clinic wishes to obtain information regarding the mode
of transportation used by patients to visit the clinic, then a survey may be
conducted among patients to obtain this information.
INTRO…
4-Experiments.
Frequently the data needed to answer a question are available only as the
result of an experiment.
For example:
If a nurse wishes to know which of several strategies is best for maximizing
patient compliance,
she might conduct an experiment in which the different strategies of motivating
compliance are tried with different patients.
VARIABLES
A variable:
It is a characteristic that takes on different values in different persons, places,
or things.
For example:
-heart rate,
-the heights of adult males,
-the weights of preschool children,
-the ages of patients seen in a dental clinic.
VARIABLES…
Types of variables:
A).Quantitative Variables
It can be measured in the usual sense.
For example:
-the heights of adult males,
-the weights of preschool children,
-the ages of patients seen in a
-dental clinic.
VARIABLES…
B).Qualitative Variables
Many characteristics are not capable of being measured. Some of them can be
ordered or ranked.
For example:
-classification of people into socio-economic groups,
-social classes based on income, education, etc.
VARIABLES…
Types of Quantitative variables:
i).A discrete variable
is characterized by gaps or interruptions in the values that it can assume.
For example:
-The number of daily admissions to a general hospital,
-The number of decayed, missing or filled teeth per child in an elementary
school.
VARIABLES…
Ii).A continuous variable
can assume any value within a specified relevant interval of values assumed by
the variable.
For example:
-Height,
-weight,
-skull circumference.
No matter how close together the observed heights of two people, we can find
another person whose height falls.
VARIABLES…
Qualitative/Categorical Data
•The objects being studied are grouped into categories based on some qualitative trait.
•The resulting data are merely labels or categories.
Examples: Categorical Data
Hair color
•blonde, brown, red, black, etc.
Marital status
•Married , divorced and separated
Smoking status
•smoker, non-smoker
VARIABLES…
Categorical data is classified as Nominal, Ordinal, and/or Binary
Nominal data can be binary or not binary
Ordinal data can be binary or not binary.
Nominal Data:
•A type of categorical data in which objects fall into unordered categories.
Examples
•Pregnancy status (pregnant, not pregnant)
•Blood type (A, B, AB, O)
•Smoking status (smoker, non-smoker)
VARIABLES...
Ordinal Data
•A type of categorical data in which order is important.
Examples
•Lecturer (assistant, lecturer, senior, professor)
•Degree of illness (mild, moderate, severe)
•Cancer stage (stage I, stage II, stage III
VARIABLES…
Binary Data:
•A type of categorical data in which there are only two categories.
•Binary data can either be nominal or ordinal.
•Some binary variables are called indicator variables
Example
•Smoking status (smoker, non-smoker)
•Attendance (present, absent)
•Presence of disease (Yes/No --example of indicator variable)
A POPULATION & SAMPLE
A population:
It is the largest collection of values of a random variable for which we have an interest
at a particular time.
For example:
The weights of all the children enrolled in a certain elementary school.
Populations may be finite or infinite.
A sample:
It is a part of a population.
For example:
The weights of only a fraction of these children.

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