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Stoıchometry

stoichometry

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31 views16 pages

Stoıchometry

stoichometry

Uploaded by

norewa9632
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STOICHOMETRY

WEEK 11
AVOGADRO CONSTANT

6.022 x 10 23

A counting unit

Similar to a dozen, except instead of 12, it’s

602 billion trillion

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

6.022 X 1023 (in scientific


MOLE RELATIONSHIPS

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains


Avogadro’s number of those particles
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number times the number of atoms or ions
of each element in the compound
SOLUTIONS

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances.

Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solution,


in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.

moles of solute (n )
Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters (L)
MOLECULAR FORMULA AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA

A molecular formula consists of the chemical symbols for the constituent elements followed by
numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule. The
empirical formula represents the simplest whole-integer ratio of atoms in a compound.

Molecular Formula Simplest Formula

HC 6 2 HC 3 1
ANATOMY OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the left side of the equation.


Products appear on the right side of the equation.
The states of the reactants and products are written
in parentheses to the right of each compound.
Typical stiochiometry question

 Given : Amount of reactants


 Question: how much of products can be
formed.
 Example

 2 A + 2B 3C
 Given 20.0 grams of A and sufficient B,
how many grams of C can be produced?
Steps Involved in Solving
Stoichiometry Problems
 Balance the chemical equation correctly​
 Using the molar mass of the given substance, convert
the mass given to moles. ​
 Construct a molar ratio (two molar ratios set equal to
each other) ​
 Using the molar mass of the unknown substance,
convert the moles just calculated to  mass​
 volume
Mole Ratios
A mole ratio converts moles
of one compound in a
balanced chemical equation
into moles of another
compound.
Example

Reaction between magnesium and oxygen to form


magnesium oxide. ( fireworks)​
​
2 Mg (s) + O 2(g) 2 MgO (s)​

​ ole Ratios:​
M
2 : 1 : 2​
EFFICIENCY OF AN EXPERIMENT

Actual yield is the amount of product actually


recovered from an experiment

Theoretical (possible) yield is the maximum


amount of product that could be produced from
the reactant.

Percent Yield is the actual yield compared to the


maximum (theoretical yield) possible.
PERCENT YIELD

Percent Yield = Actual Yield (g) recovered X 100


Theoretical Yield (g)
Stoichiometric Calculations
Mass-to-mole-to-mole-to-mass relationship:
In the following reaction, if 684 g of octane, C8H18, is completely
combusted in excess of oxygen gas, how many grams of CO 2 are formed?

C8H18(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Reaction has to be balanced.

2C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g)  16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)

Calculation:
Moles C8H18 reacted = 684 g C8H18 /(114 g/mol) = 6.0 moles
Moles CO2 formed = 6.0 mol C8H18 x (16 mol CO2/2 mol C8H18)
= 48 moles CO2
Mass of CO2 formed = 48 mol CO2 x (44 g/mol) = 2112 g
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATIONS

MgCl2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + NaCl(aq) (not balanced)

MgCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq) (balanced)


MgCl2 NaOH

Molarity (M) 0.50 1.0


Volume (V) 25.0 mL = 25.0 x 10-3 L 25.0 mL = 25.0 x 10-3 L
molecular mass (mm) 203,3 g/mol 40,00 g/mol
(Hydrated MgCL2 in used
laboratory)
calculated number of
moles (n)
n= M x V 0,0125 mol 0,0250 mol

calculated mass (gram)


m = n x mm 2,54 g 1.00 g
YIELD CALCULATION

Percent Yield = Actual Yield (g) recovered X 100


Theoretical Yield (g)
Calculate the expected mass of Mg(OH)2
mass of filter paper and solid measured
• Find number of moles of MgCl2
with the balance = 4,6118 g ( Mg(OH)2 +
n = M x V = 0.5 x 0.025 = 0.0125 mol filter paper

• Molar ratio of Mg(OH)2 and MgCl2 1:1 mass of the filter paper = 3,9068 g
4,6118-3,9068 = 0,705 g mass of the solid
• Find mass of 0.0125 mol Mg(OH)2
0. 705 g x 100 96,7 % yield
( molecular mass (mm) of Mg(OH)2 = 58.33 g /mol) 0.729g

mass = n x mm = 0.0125 x 58.33 = 0.729 g


thank you

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