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Density Determination

The document describes how to determine the density of liquids and solids using a pycnometer. It details how to measure the mass of the pycnometer empty and filled with the sample and a reference liquid to calculate density. An example calculation is shown.

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19 views16 pages

Density Determination

The document describes how to determine the density of liquids and solids using a pycnometer. It details how to measure the mass of the pycnometer empty and filled with the sample and a reference liquid to calculate density. An example calculation is shown.

Uploaded by

norewa9632
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DENSITY DETERMINATION BY

PYCNOMETER
WEEK 4
Density is fundamental physical property of matter. For a
homogeneous object it is defined as the ratio of
its mass m to its volume V.

d=
Numerically it represents the mass per unit
volume of matter.

As it follows from equation, the SI unit


(International System of Units) of density is
kg/m3 .

However, g/cm3 is another unit commonly


used in a laboratory.

Its conversion is g/cm3 = 1000kg/m3


The volume of an object increases with increasing
temperature, because of the matter’s volumetric
thermal expansion.

Therefore, according to equation, the density of an


object depends on its temperature, with higher
temperature resulting in lower density.
Exception is water in temperature
range
0-4°C, for which the density
increases with increasing
temperature.
The density of a gas further depends on the
pressure as well.

Nevertheless, pressure effect is negligible in a


case of liquid and/or solid matter.

P V= n R T
As pressure increase, volume decrease with same rate for an ideal gas.
Density determination of liquids by
pycnometer

Density determination by pycnometer is a


very precise method. It uses a working
liquid with well-known density, such as
water.

We will use distilled water, for which


temperature dependent values of density
dH2O are shown in Table.
The pycnometer is a glass flask
with a close-fitting ground glass
stopper with a capillary hole
through it.

This fine hole releases a spare


liquid after closing a top-filled
pycnometer and allows for
obtaining a given volume of
measured and/or working liquid
with a high accuracy.
Mass of water contained by the pycnometer

using density 

Find volume of water contained by the pycnometer

Volume of the pycnometer


Density determination of solid matter by pycnometer

Pycnometer can be also used to determine the density of


homogeneous solid object that does not dissolve in working liquid
(water).

First, we need to measure the weight of pycnometer together with


inserted object. We add water and determine the mass mH2O.
To find the volume of pycnometer
1st weight the empty pycnometer
2nd weight the pycnometer filled with water
3rd with density of water calculate the volume of pycnometer

Using a metal sample, determine the volume via your calibrated pycnometer.
Place the solid in your pycnometer and weight to ± 0.0001g on the analytical
balance.
Fill the pycnometer with water making sure there are no bubbles when the
stopper is replaced. Record the mass (pycnometer+water+sample).
Mass Pycnometer + sample + water
- Mass Pycmometer + sample
Mass water surrounding the sample

Mass of water Volume of water


Volume of Density of
surrounding the surrounding the
sample sample
sample sample
 
 using the sample
using density
Subtract the volume of
mass
water from the total
pycnometer volume
E X P E R I M E N TA L D ATA

mempty = 23.8990 g mfull(alcohol) = 44.9180 g

mfull(water) = 50.1302 g Troom = 31.0 oC


d=m/V
1. Find mass of alcohol.
mfull(alcohol) – mempty = malcohol

44.9180 - 23.8990 = 21.0190 g

2. Find volume of alcohol. Vpycnometer = Valcohol = Vwater


Vwater = mwater / dwater
dwater = 0.995369 g/cm3 ( from the table)

mwater = 50.1302 - 23.8990 =26.2312 g


Vwater = 26.2312 (g) / 0.995369 (g/cm3) x = 26.3532 cm3
21.0190
= 0.797588 𝑔/ 𝑐𝑚 3
26.3532

Percent error = 100 x = 0.78945 g/cm3

 1.0308 %

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