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1stQ Elective L2 KeyConcepts

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23 views36 pages

1stQ Elective L2 KeyConcepts

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Elle Bondoc
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ELECTIVE 10

KEY TERMS AND


DEFINITIONS
STATISTICAL METHODS

• refer to the procedures of gathering or


collecting, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data.
STATISTICS

• refer to the study of gathering or


collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing, and interpreting data.
TWO MAJOR TYPES
O F S TAT I S T I C A L
METHODS
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- refers to the collation and organization, summing-up
and presentation of data.
• In descriptive statistics, one tries to explain a given
set of data so as to generate meaningful and relevant
information.
• In other words, it simply tries to describe a given
situation. Descriptive statistics does not include
drawing of conclusions from a given set of data.
EXAMPLES:
1. The grades of 5 students in Mathematics are
90, 91, 92, 93, 94 and the average is 92.
Gender Number
Man 182
2. Woman 235
No answer 27

From this table, you can see that more women than men took part in
the study.
3.

There were 20, 336 confirmed new cases of Covid-19


in the Philippines on September 17, 2021.
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- refers to the analysis of a part of a set of data and the
formulation of generalizations and inferences about the entire
data.
• Inferential statistics includes determining probabilities or the
chances for an event to occur. It also involves the process of
decision-making in determining what may be true about the
whole set of data based on what was generated on the study
of the subset of the data.

• Inferential statistics is also used to determine relationship


between or among variables.
EXAMPLES:
1. Based on the study, students who spent 3 to 4 hours
playing Mobile Legends are of high risk of getting a
failing grade on majority of their subjects.

2. In recent studies, students who slept for 6-8 hours a day


before the examination are more likely to answer their
examinations correctly.
3.

The number of Covid-19 cases in the Philippines will


possibly be doubled in the next 3 months.
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

1 Concerned with the describing of target


population
Make inferences with the sample and generalize
them to the population

2 Organize, analyze and present data in


meaningful manner
Compares, test, predicts future outcomes

3 Final results are shown in the form of charts,


graphs, and tables
Final result is the probability scores

4 Describe data which is already known Tries to make conclusion about the population
that is beyond the data available

5 Tools - Measures of Central tendency (Mean,


Median, Mode)
Tools - hypothesis test, analysis of variance,
ANOVA, etc.

6 Works with smaller data set Works with a large data

7 Process is simpler to do Process is more complex as we have to decide


on the best sampling techniques

8 Results obtained represent the entire data Results obtained represent a portion of the
population, but can be used to deduce
information about the entire population
TRY TO DETERMINE!
DESCRIPTIVE OR INFERENTIAL
1. 6 out of 10 small business owners uses Social Media to
advertise their business.
2. Drinking decaffeinated coffee can raise cholesterol levels
by 7%.
3. The national average annual medicine expenditure per
person is P1 M.
4. Nine out of ten on-the-job fatalities are men.
5. Experts say that mortgage rates may soon hit bottom.
POPULATION
• is the group of all items or the totality of all actual observable
characteristics of a set of objects or interest to a statistics
practitioner.
• is the entirety of the group including all the members that forms a
set of data.
• It is frequently very large; sometimes infinite.
• Example:
- All 61 million Filipino voters
- Total enrollee of SJBCS
SAMPLE
• is the subset or a part of a set of data being studied.
• is a set of data drawn from the population.
• it is potentially very large, but less than the population.
• Example:
- 5 million out of 61 million Filipino voters
- number of Junior high students out of the total students of
SJBCS
Examples:
1. Students of 10-Ezekiel as the population – The mean/average grade in
Mathematics of the students in 10-Ezekiel (Parameter)
2. Male students 10 – Ezekiel as the sample – The mean/average grade in
Mathematics of the male students in 10-Ezekiel (Statistic)
DATA
• are the observed values of a variable.
• It can either come in the form of :
- numbers - age, height and weight
- categories – civil status, addresses , names

• Example: student’s scores {67, 74, 71, 83, 93, 55, 48 :


student’s personal information – Juan Dela Cruz, 15 years old.
VARIABLE
• is used to describe a certain event or a set of data.
• is some characteristic of a population or sample.
• Example: age of students
• - the variable- age describes the set of individual numerical
entries.
• -The individual numerical entries are the data.
• Data value or datum – a single numerical entry. It can also be
referred to as a variate or a variate value.
VALUE
• The values of the variable are the range of
possible values for a variable.
• Example: student scores (0...100)
TWO
T Y P E S / N AT U R E O F
D ATA / VA R I A B L E
1. QUALITATIVE DATA/VARIABLE
(CATEGORICAL)
 These are information that cannot be expressed
as a number. These are usually categories or
characteristics.
Examples:
a. Gender
b. School
2. QUANTITATIVE DATA/VARIABLE
(NUMERICAL)
 These are information that can be expressed as a
number and can be quantified.
Examples:
a. Age
b. Scores
REVIEW
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N
O F Q U A N T I TAT I V E
D ATA / VA R I A B L E
DISCRETE VARIABLE CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
take up values that can be obtained by measurement can
counted. A result from either a take up any value between any
finite number of possible values two distinct values.
or countable number of possible
values as 0, 1, 2, 3 and so on.

Examples: Examples:
- number of students in class - Student’s weight
- number of covid-19 cases in the - Height
Philippines
LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENT
/SCALES
• NOMINAL SCALE
• ORDINAL SCALE
• I N T E R VA L S C A L E
• R AT I O S C A L E
NOMINAL SCALES
- are measures of identity.
- classify data according to categories whereby no
ranking of data is possible.

- Examples:
- gender like female and male
- answers like yes/no
- religion like Muslims and Christians
- dwelling places like Urban or Rural.
ORDINAL SCALES
- are measurements like ranking of individuals or
objects.
- classify data according to categories that can be
ranked.

- Example:
- Grade level
- Military Officers
- Honor roll
- Likert scale: strongly agree, agree, disagree, no
opinion.
INTERVAL SCALES
- reflect differences of items.
- ranks data and exact differences between measures
exist. However, there is no true zero point.

Example:
- I.Q
- temperature
- blood pressures
RATIO SCALES
- is the highest type of scales.

- The main difference between interval and ratio scale is ratio of


scale are the measurement of length, weight, loudness, width,
etc.

- Ex.
- Student’s age, height, weight and grades
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT/SCALES
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Classify each of the following as DISCRETE OR
CONTINUOS
1. The number of books in the library
2. The height of your classmates
3. The speed of a bicycle
4. The number of students in class
5. Distance between your house to school
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Classify each of the following as nominal, ordinal, interval
or ratio level of measurement.
1. Name of the students
2. Volume of a Box
3. Body temperature of a student
4. Amount of money in your pocket
5. Section of grade 10 students
6. Level of satisfaction
7. Shirt sizes
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Classify each of the following as nominal, ordinal, interval
or ratio level of measurement.
1. Name of the students – Nominal
2. Volume of a Box – Ratio
3. Body temperature of a student – Interval
4. Amount of money in your pocket – Ratio
5. Section of grade 10 students – Ordinal
6. Level of satisfaction – Ordinal
7. Shirt sizes – Ordinal

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