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Differential Amplifier

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Akshay Rajput
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168 views9 pages

Differential Amplifier

Uploaded by

Akshay Rajput
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

The differential amplifier circuit is an extremely popular connection used in IC units. This
connection can be described by considering the basic differential amplifier shown in Fig.1.

Fig.1
Basic differential amplifier circuit

If an input signal is applied to either input with the other input connected to ground, the operation is
referred to as "single-ended."
If two opposite-polarity input signals are applied, the operation is referred to as "double-ended."
If the same input is applied to both inputs, the operation is called "common-mode."
DC Bias
Let's first consider the dc bias operation of the circuit of Fig.1. With ac inputs obtained
from voltage sources, the dc voltage at each input is essentially connected to 0 V, as
shown in Fig. 2. With each base voltage at 0 V, the common-emitter dc bias voltage is

Fig. 2
DC bias of dijferential amplifier circuit.
EXAMPLE (1). Calculate the dc voltages and currents in the circuit of Fig. 3.

Solution

The collector current is then

resulting in a collector voltage of Fig. 3

The common-emitter voltage is thus -0.7 V, whereas the collector bias


voltage is near 4.1V for both outputs.
AC Operation of Circuit
An ac connection of a differential amplifier is shown in Fig. 4. Separate input signals
are applied as Vi1 and Vi2, with separate outputs resulting as Vo1 and Vo2. To carry out
ac analysis, we redraw the circuit in Fig. 5. Each transistor is replaced by its ac
equivalent.

Fig. 4
AC connection of differential amplifier.

Fig. 5
AC equivalent of differential amplifier circuit
Single-Ended AC Voltage Gain:- To calculate the single-ended ac voltage gain, Vo/Vi,
apply signal to one input with the other connected to ground, as shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

AC equivalent of circuit in Fig. 6.


The ac equivalent of this connection is drawn in Fig. 7. The ac base current can be calculated using the
base 1 input Kirchhoff voltage loop (KVL) equation. If one assumes that the two transistors are well
matched, then

Fig. 8
Partial circuit for calculating I b.
and the output voltage magnitude at either collector is

for which the single-ended voltage gain magnitude at either collector is


EXAMPLE (2):- Calculate the single-ended output voltage Vo1 for the circuit of Fig. 9

Solution: The dc bias calculations provide

The value of re is then Fig. 9

providing an output ac voltage of magnitude


Double-Ended AC Voltage Gain:-
A similar analysis can be used to show that for the condition of signals applied to both
inputs, the differential voltage gain magnitude is

Common-Mode Operation of Circuit:-


Whereas a differential amplifier provides large amplification of the difference signal
applied to both inputs, it should also provide as small an amplification of the signal
common to both inputs. An ac connection showing common input to both transistors is
shown in Fig. 10. The ac equivalent circuit is drawn in Fig. 11, from which we can write.

which can be rewritten as

The output voltage magnitude is then


providing a voltage gain magnitude of

Fig. 11
Fig. 10
AC circuit in common-mode connection.
Common-mode connection.

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