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Momentum, Impulse, and Collision

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52 views32 pages

Momentum, Impulse, and Collision

Uploaded by

Ellery Salas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Momentum,

Impulse, and
Collision

(Credit: "Rotatebot"/Wikimedia Commons)


Linear Momentum
From Newton’s 2nd law of motion

• Like kinetic energy, this quantity includes both mass and velocity and it is a way
of characterizing the “quantity of motion” of an object.

• It is a vector quantity. Its direction is the same as the direction of the velocity.
• It can be expressed as components, thus ,
• The unit of momentum is
Linear Momentum
• If there are 𝑛 objects found in a system, then
Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum

x-component:

y-component:
Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum

Pickup (object A):

Sedan (object B):


Linear Momentum
Net momentum:

Magnitude:

Direction:

(from +x-axis)
The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
• If an object’s velocity changes due to a net force impressed on it then necessarily,
its momentum changes as well.

The product of force and time is called linear impulse and is symbolized as

For constant force


The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
• Suppose a force is applied on a free object for some amount of time.
• Clearly, the larger the force, the larger the object’s change of momentum will be.
• Alternatively, the more time you spend applying this force, again the larger the
change of momentum will be.
• The amount by which the object’s motion changes is therefore proportional to the
magnitude of the force, and also to the time interval over which the force is
applied.

⃗ 𝑝= ⃗
𝐽= Δ⃗ 𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 Δ 𝑡
The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
• Suppose a force is applied on a free object for some amount of time.
• Clearly, the larger the force, the larger the object’s change of momentum will be.
• Alternatively, the more time you spend applying this force, again the larger the
change of momentum will be.
• The amount by which the object’s motion changes is therefore proportional to the
magnitude of the force, and also to the time interval over which the force is
applied.

⃗ 𝑝= ⃗
𝐽= Δ⃗ 𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 Δ 𝑡
The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Conservation of Linear Momentum
According to the conservation of linear momentum, If the net external force acting
on a system of bodies is zero, then the momentum of the system remains
constant.
Conservation of Linear Momentum
According to the conservation of linear momentum, If the net external force acting
on a system of bodies is zero, then the momentum of the system remains
constant.
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Before collision:

After collision:
Conservation of Linear Momentum

By conservation of linear momentum

For the x-component

For the y-component


Types of Collision
• The total momentum in a system is conserved in all interactions, collisions, or explosions.
• For collisions, there are two types: inelastic and elastic.

INELASTIC

This type of collision is characterized by the following:

 Total kinetic energy of the system is not conserved only the total momentum. The total kinetic
energy decreases after collision.

 For perfectly inelastic, the colliding objects stick together and become a composite object after
collision. Moreover, it is a type of collision where maximum loss of kinetic energy occurs.
Types of Collision
ELASTIC

This type of collision is characterized by the following:

 Both the total kinetic energy and momentum are conserved in this collision.

The equation above may be solved directly to determine the final velocities
Center of Mass
-The center of mass is a position defined
relative to an object or system of objects. It
is the average position of all the parts of the
system, weighted according to their masses.
- For simple rigid objects with uniform
density, the center of mass is located at the
centroid.
-It is easy to find the center of mass of a
homogeneous symmetric object, as shown
in Figure
Center of Mass of System of Particles
We can restate the principle of conservation of momentum in a useful way by using the concept of
center of mass. Suppose we have several particles with masses m1, m2, and so on. Let the coordinates of
m1 be (x1,y1) those of m2 be (x2,y2) and so on. We define the center of mass of the system as the point that
has coordinates given by
Center of Mass of System of Particles
The position vector of the center of mass can be expressed in terms of the position vectors . . . of the
particles as
Center of Mass of System of Particles
Example

Figure 8.27
Center of Mass of System of Particles
Example

Figure 8.27
Velocity of Center of Mass

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qwvvKnzIfQ

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