CE364:Environmental Engineering

Topics:
-Introduction, population forecasting,
water demand

Dr. N Premananda Singh, Civil Engineering, MIT Imphal

Email: nongthombam@mitimphal.in
nps.env.mit@gmail.com
 Human made activities – cause of
variety of pollution around us
• Quality of our resources have been degraded by -
– Industrialization
– Urbanization
– Increasing population – increased consumption
– Unskilled utilization of resources (e.g. water)

• Natural resources – contains many harmful constituents

that make resources unsafe for human consumption and
industrial needs
– e.g. iron, fluoride, arsenic content have increased in water
– e.g. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide have increased in air
– e.g. toxic compounds (e.g. plastics) have increased in solid (soil)
2
Three forms of pollution
• Air environment

• Water environment

• Soil environment

3
 Other environmental issues
Noise pollution Vehicular emissions

Solid waste

Indoor air pollution

4
 To protect and improve
• Water quality
• Air quality
• Soil quality
• Innovative technologies for treatment of waste
and its safe disposal – gaseous, liquid, solid

5
 The problem is…
• Variety of pollutants discharged
to the environment are
increasing.
• capacity of environmental (air, water
and land) system to assimilate wastes
is limited

6
 Introduction
• Environmental Engineering – a branch of
engineering that is concerned with
– the protection of environment from the harmful
effects of human activities;
– the environmental quality for better human health;
• We apply science and engineering principles to
improve the environment (air, water, land
resources) to provide healthy water, air and land
for human habitation and for other organisms

7
 Role of environmental engineers
• Municipal water supply
• Sewage & sewerage design
• Water treatment plant
• Wastewater treatment
• Solid waste management
• Recycle (reuse) of waste
• Air pollution control design
• Soil remediation
• Protect environment and improve
environmental quality
8
 Scope of this course
• On the Basis of Water Quality:
– What is water pollution?
– What pollutants pollute water bodies?
– How to determine those impurities and pollutants?
– What and how water quality changes with the
introduction of various pollutants?
– Mathematical representations of the changes in water
quality
– Fundamentals of the wastewater disposal system
– Fundamentals of the line of treatment to be given to
water, wastewater
9
Community water and wastewater system

10
 Summary of our understanding of
water-use cycle
d/s

er
Riv Removes
pollutants from
u/s
Waste-water
the sewage to
Treatment protect the
Plant receiving water
Water body
Treatment
Removes
Plant
impurities to
make it fit for
drinking/general
purposes Community
(Human Population)

11
 What shall we study?

Environmental
Engineering-I:
Basics of water
pollution & introduction
to treatment

• Water quality- physical, chemical and biological characteristics; Wastewater flow

• Sewage and sewerage system, design calculations

• Fundamentals of micro-organisms in natural water system; biological oxidation of water;

chemical kinetics;
• Modeling of waste loadings and oxygen sag;
• Treatment options for surface water and groundwater and waste-water

• Need, water demand, population forecasting, water calculation

12
Lecture 2

13
 Important points…
• When it comes to consumption of water -
Both ‘quality’ and ‘quantity’ essential – because when
water is consumed, wastewater will be generated
• Both needs proper consideration in water treatment
or wastewater treatment plants designs.
• Because water is an essential commodity for all living
beings – adequate quality in adequate quantity is
important
• Objective – to supply potable water in sufficient
quantity

14
 Need and Quantity of water
• Earlier days, water primarily used for domestic
needs
• Besides domestic, due to modernization, – water
is also required for industrial operations, several
commercial activities, workplaces, irrigation,
recreation purposes, etc.
• Therefore, well designed and organized public
water supply schemes are necessary to cater the
various needs
• Enormous quantity of water is required for future
developments and rising population
15
 Quantity of water – depends upon
• Population to be served – decided by forecasting
the population form census data
• Water demand – all types of demands like
domestic, public, industrial, commercial,
institutional, fire and loss-wastage need
consideration
• Total water demand per day for the city
• Design period – at least 30 years

16
 Design period –important
• Water supply schemes involve
construction of
– Intake structures, rising mains,
pumps, treatment units, raw
water tanks, network of
pressure pipes for treated
water distribution to the public
– involves huge expenditure
• Once constructed – cannot be
replaced or increased in their
capacity easily and involves
complications in case
expansion is considered
17
 Factors to be considered
• Useful life components of water supply scheme
• Rate of increase/decrease of population
• Quantity of water available form the source
• Availability of funds
• Total water demand

18
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important

19
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important
• What is the quantity of water?

20
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important
• What is the quantity of water?
• Quantity of water to be treated?

21
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important
• What is the quantity of water?
• Quantity of water to be treated?
• What is the population to be served?

22
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important
• What is the quantity of water?
• Quantity of water to be treated?
• What is the population to be served?
• What is the per capita water demand?

23
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important
• What is the quantity of water?
• Quantity of water to be treated?
• What is the population to be served?
• What is the per capita water demand?
• What are the other needs?

24
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important
• What is the quantity of water?
• Quantity of water to be treated?
• What is the population to be served?
• What is the per capita water demand?
• What are the other needs?
• What is the design period?

25
 Important questions?
• Quality and quantity both important
• What is the quantity of water?
• Quantity of water to be treated?
• What is the population to be served?
• What is the per capita water demand?
• What are the other needs?
• What is the design period?

• When we have a clear picture about the water needs

– then we can calculate the quantity of water to be
treated properly

26
 Population forecast - important
• For an infrastructural project like water
treatment and wastewater treatment plant
designs, it is important to know the
population for future 30 to 50 years.
• To know the water demand, we must know
the population to be served.

27
 Population forecast
• Finding a probable population of a city at a
future date, from census data of previous
decades is known as forecasting of population
• Three factors affect the population –
– Because of birth (if birth rate is more – population
increases)
– Because of death (decreases the population)
– Because of migration (depends how it takes place –
economic conditions, developmental activities, etc.)
– We have to take into account these factors for
knowing the population to be served – for water
quantity calculation
28
 Nature of Population Growth
• Often characterized as exponential, i.e. it increases by
a fixed percentage of the existing total number over a
unit period of time
• Mathematically, this can be expressed as:

P = Po.exp(r. t)

Where,
P = Future size of population
Po = Current size of population
r = Assumed constant rate of growth
(fraction- %age increase per year for a decade)
t = Number of years for design

29
 …contd
• Growth rate (r) can be estimated by four
principal components – births, deaths,
immigration and emigration
• It can be expressed as:

r = (birth - death) + net migration

Where,
net migration = immigration – emigration
birth – death = + ve (natural increase)
= - ve (natural decrease)
30
 Various methods of population
forecasting
• Most commonly used methods
– Arithmetic increase method
– Geometrical increase method
– Incremental increase method

How to find out population by each method?

31
 1. Arithmetical increase method
Assumption: average rate of increase in population from decade to decade
is constant
- From the census data (previous population), the increase in
population between consecutive decades is found
- then average increase per decade is worked out

32
 1. Arithmetical increase method
Assumption: average rate of increase in population from decade to decade
is constant
- From the census data (previous population), the increase in
population between consecutive decades is found
- then average increase per decade is worked out

- Mathematically, it can be estimated as

Pn = P + n.d

33
 1. Arithmetical increase method
Assumption: average rate of increase in population from decade to decade
is constant
- From the census data (previous population), the increase in
population between consecutive decades is found
- then average increase per decade is worked out

- Mathematically, it can be estimated as

Pn = P + n.d
Where,
Pn = Future population after ‘n’ decades
P = Present population
d = average increase per decade
n = number of decade
34
 …contd
Suitable when -
i) design period is small
ii) town is old and large and almost reached its
saturation population due to maximum
development
iii) well settled areas – so more population
cannot be accommodated
Not suitable when –
i) town is developing at a faster rate compared to
its past development
35
 …contd
• This is the simplest method
• Population increase for any community is not
constant with respect to time
• So when the facilities are more, rate of
development is more, population will increase at
a faster rate
• With this method, therefore, we under predict
the population (predicting low value)

36
 Arithmetic Increase method
(Numerical)

Example:
Problem: Predict the population for the years
1981, 1991, 1994, and 2001 from the following
census figures of a town by Arithmetic Increase
method.
Arithmetic Increase method
(Numerical)
Arithmetic Increase method
(Numerical)
 Arithmetic Increase method
(Numerical)

According to Arithmetic
increase method we have:
 2. Geometrical increase method
(also known as uniform
percentage method)
Assumption: average percentage
increase in population from decade to
decade is constant
- From the census data (previous population), the
percentage increase in population between
consecutive decades is found
- then its average is worked out
41
 2. Geometrical increase method

Mathematically, it can be estimated as

Pn = P [1 + r/100]n

Where,
Pn = Future population after ‘n’ decades
P = Present population
r = average percentage increase per
decade

42
 2. Geometrical increase method

Now, to Calculate for ‘n’ decades After 1 decade,

P1 = P + P. r/100
P1 = P [1 + r/100] = P [1 + r/100]

Where, After 2 decade,

P2 = P1 + P1. r/100
P1 = Future population after ‘1’ decades
= P1 [1 + r/100]
P = Present population
r = average percentage increase per decade Substitute, P1 in P2
= P [1 + r/100] [1 + r/100]
Therefore, after ‘n’ decades = P [1 + r/100]2
Pn = P [1 + r/100]n

43
 …contd
Suitable when -
i) town has a large scope of expansion
ii) fairly constant rate of growth
Not suitable when –
i) older towns/communities

44
 Examples
Ex.1: Find the population for 2030 for a design period of 30
years using arithmetical as well as geometrical increase
method. Census is available from the year 1960 to 2000,
given below:
Year Population
1960 35,000
1970 37,500
1980 43,500
1990 52,000
2000 57,500

45
 Examples
Ex.1: Find the population for 2030 for a design period of 30
years using arithmetical as well as geometrical increase
method. Census is available from the year 1960 to 2000,
given below:
Year Population
Answers:
1960 35,000 1. Arithmetical increase
method
1970 37,500
1980 43,500
74,375
1990 52,000
2000 57,500 2. Geometrical increase
method
83,662
46
Lecture 3

47
 3. Incremental increase method
- Population vary at a progressive rate and not at a constant rate
- For this reason, this method includes benefits of both the previous methods
- Average increase per decade is found out
- Incremental increase or decrease in the population change for each decade is
found out
- Average incremental increase is worked out
- Mathematically, population at the end of nth decade is estimated as:

Pn = P + n . d + (1 + 2 + 3 + …..n) . t

Pn = P + n . d + [n(n + 1)/2] . t
Where,
Pn = Future population after ‘n’ decades
P = Present population
d = average increase per decade
t = average incremental increase
48
 Examples
Ex.2: Find the population for 2030 for a design period of 30
years using incremental increase method. Census is
available from the year 1960 to 2000, given below:

Year Population
1960 35,000
1970 37,500
1980 43,500
1990 52,000
2000 57,500

49
 Examples
Ex.2: Find the population for 2030 for a design period of 30
years using incremental increase method. Census is
available from the year 1960 to 2000, given below:

Year Population
1960 35,000 Answers:
1970 37,500
1980 43,500
80,375
1990 52,000
2000 57,500

50
 Solution to Ex.2
Year Population Increase in Incrementa
population l increase
1960 35,000 - -
1970 37,500 2500 -
1980 43,500 6000 + 3500
1990 52,000 8500 + 2500
2000 57,500 5500 - 3000
SUM 22500 3000
Average 22500/4 = 3000/3 =
5625 1000

Pn = P + n . d + [n(n + 1)/2] . t

Pn = 57500 + 3 x 5625 + [3(3 + 1)/2] x 1000

Pn = 80,375 51
 Rate of water demand
• Quantity of water required for the city is affected
by the “rate of demand”
• Rate of demand: the amount of water to be
supplied per head per day
– expressed as l/capita/d (liters per head per day)
• Rate of demand: estimated on per capita basis by
dividing the total demand by the number of
persons to be served

52
 Formula
• If ‘Q’ is the quantity of water required for the city
per year in liters
• If ‘P’ is the estimated population to be served

• Per capita demand = Q/[P x 365] l/d

How to estimate ‘Q’?

53
 Water demands
1. Domestic demand: 55 to 60 % of total demand,
i.e. about 135 l/capita/d

• This includes: drinking - 5, cooking - 5, bathing –

55, washing clothes – 20, utensils – 10, house
cleaning and washing – 10, and toilet flushing –
30 = 135 l/capita/d

54
 …contd
2. Public demand: about 25 l/capita/d

• This includes: washing street, swimming pools,

public parks, underground sewers, fountains,
flushing of public toilets = 25 l/capita/d

55
 …contd
3. Commercial/industrial demand: about 40-45
l/capita/d (as per IS 1172(1983))

• This includes: offices, shopping centers, hotels,

cinema halls, schools, colleges, hospitals,
railways, and industries = 40-45 l/capita/d

56
 …contd
4. Fire demand: is calculated based on some
empirical formula:
• This includes: quantity of water required for
extinguishing fire – difficult to estimate when the
fire will break and what will be its extent
• Ministry of Urban Development recommends:
Q = 100 √P
[Q = fire demand in kl/d and P = population in thousand]
• Freeman’s formula:
Q= 1136 (P/5 + 10)
[Q = fire demand in l/min and P = population in thousand]
57
 …contd
5. Loss and wastage demand: about 25% for a well
maintained distribution networks, and up to
50% for a poorly maintained and unmetered
water supply; also depends on the peoples’
habit = about 55 l/capita/d

58
 Total water demand for a city
Total demand in l/capita/d:
• Domestic demand - 135
• Public use - 25
• Commercial use - 40
• Fire demand - 15
• Losses - 55
total = 270 l/capita/d

Daily water demand in a city = 270 x P (l/d)

59
 Factors affecting water demand
• Size of the city or community
• Skilled utilization (habits of people)
• Cost of water
• Commerce and industry
• Quality of water
• System of sanitation

• The average daily consumption for the year per

capita demand – does not remain constant but
varies from season to season
60
 Examples
Ex.3: Forecast the population for 2031 by incremental
increase method. Also calculate the total water demand
(approximate) for the year 2031. Census is available
from the year 1941 to 2001, given below:
Year Population
1941 24,000
1951 28,500
1961 34,800
1971 41,900
1981 46,700
1991 51,500
2001 56,600

61
 Important Notes
• To estimate water demand, following parameters must be determined or calculated.
– Average daily water consumption: It is based on complete one year supply of water. It is
the total consumption during one year, divided by the population.
q = (Q / P x 365) lpcd (liters per capita per day)
– Maximum daily consumption: It is the maximum amount of water used during one day in
the year. This amount is 180% of the average daily consumption
MDC = 1.8 x Avg. daily consumption. It is usually a working day (Monday) of summer
season.
– Maximum weekly demand: The amount of water used by a population during a whole
single week in a study span of 1 year.
Maximum weekly demand = 1.48 x Avg. D. C
Maximum monthly demand = 1.28 x Avg. D. C
Maximum hourly demand = 1.5 x Avg. D. C
Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x Avg. D. C
– Fire water demand | Fire Demand: Theamount of water usedfor fire fighting is termed as
fire demand. Although, the amount of water used in fire fighting is a negligible part of the
combine uses of water but the rate of flow and the volume required may be so high during
fire that it is a deciding factor for pumps, reservoirs and distribution mains.
Minimum fire flow should be 500 gpm (1890 L/m)
Minimum fire flow should be 8000 gpm (32, 400 L/m)
Additional flow may be required to protect adjacent buildings.

62