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Variables: - Symbol Representing A Place To Store Information

This document discusses variables in C programming. It defines variables as symbols that represent memory locations used to store values. Variables must be declared before use, specifying a type like int, float, double, or char. Variables provide names to access specific memory locations and remember values, like results from calculations. The document reviews basic variable types, declaration syntax, naming rules, and arithmetic operations for each type. It also covers operator precedence and assignment operators.

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56 views

Variables: - Symbol Representing A Place To Store Information

This document discusses variables in C programming. It defines variables as symbols that represent memory locations used to store values. Variables must be declared before use, specifying a type like int, float, double, or char. Variables provide names to access specific memory locations and remember values, like results from calculations. The document reviews basic variable types, declaration syntax, naming rules, and arithmetic operations for each type. It also covers operator precedence and assignment operators.

Uploaded by

rss654
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Variables

Symbol representing a place to store information


name value memory location Example: someones age
An integer variable age; age = 20;
Computer memory

age

20

Contrasted with constants


No change in constants

Why use Variables


Remembers a value
Results from calculation Example:
int v1, v2, sum; v1 = 50; v2 = 30; sum = v1 + v2; (= means assign a new value)
Computer memory

v1

50

v2
sum

30
80

Provides an easy way (name) to access your computer's memory

Variable Declaration
A variable must be declared before it can be used.
Tell the compiler that you want to reserve some memory in which to store data of some specified type.

Usually declared at the start of each function. Declaration format:


type name = initial_value; type name1 = initial_value1, name2 = initial_value2, ;

Initial values in declaration are optional.

Declaration of Variables
type name = initial_value; type name1 = initial_value1, name2 = initial_value2, ;
{ int v1, v2, sum; v1 = 50; v2 = 30; sum = v1 + v2; }

{
int v1= 50, v2 = 30, sum; sum = v1 + v2;

Basic Variables types in C


int
integer

float
single-precision floating point

double
double-precision floating point

char
one byte character

Variable Names
Contains one or more characters,
A-Z, a-z 0-9 _

Must start with a non-digit character


A-Z, a-z _

As always, case-sensitive

Variable Names cont.


Cannot be C's keywords
int, main, while, etc

Size Limitation
Maximum of 63 characters for a variable name
Sometimes 31 or 8 in very old C

Case sensitive: upper and lower case characters are regarded as different
floating int Int main3 4yi

int: integer Variables


For integral values only
10, -5, 1000 no fraction
10.2

no commas
12,000

Ranges
Machine dependent
Minimum: 16 digits in a literal integer 32 bits of storage
Signed: 2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 Unsigned: 0 to +4,294,967,295

Maybe 64 on others

Operations for int type


Declaration
int x, y, z;

Assignment
y = 10; z = 5;

Operations Plus: +
x = y + z;

Minus: x = y z;

Muliply: *
x = y * z;

Divide: /
x = y / z;

Modulus
x = y % z;

result of y/z will be truncated

Display Integer Variables I


#include <stdio.h> int main() { int value1, value2, sum;
Preprocessor: interact with input/output of your computer Start point of the program Start and finish of function Declare Variables Define Values Summation Printing results

value1 = 50; value2 = 30; sum = value1 + value2;

printf(The sum of 50 and 30 is %i\n, sum); return 0; }

Finish and return value 0

Print the value of an integer variable

Display Integer Variables II


#include <stdio.h> int main() { int value1, value2, sum; value1 = 50; value2 = 30; sum = value1 + value2; printf(The sum of %i and %i is %i\n, value1, value2, sum); return 0;

int: integer Variables Special Case I


Starting with digit 0
Octal notation. Base 8, not 10
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 0177 = 1*64 + 7*8 + 7 = 127 0256 = ?

Display
%i print out the decimal value %o print out the octal value

int: integer Variables Special Case II


Starting with digit 0x
Hexadecimal notation. Based 16, not 10
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F 0x177 = 1*256 + 7*16 + 7 = 375 0xAF = ? 0x2AF = ?

Display
%i print out the decimal value %x print out the hexadecimal value

Example - I
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a, b, c, d; a = 10; b = 20; c = 0177; d = 0xAF; printf(The four numbers are %i, %i, %o, %x\n, a, b, c, d); printf(The four decimal numbers are %i, %i, %i, %i\n, a, b, c, d); }

Example II
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a, b, c, f; a = 10; b = 20; c = 0177; f = a/b; printf(%i / %i = %i\n, a, b, f); f = b/a; printf(%i / %i = %i\n, b, a, f); f = c/a; printf(%i / %i = %i\n, c, a, f); }

float: single-precision Variables


For values containing a fractional value
3., 125.8, -0.1 Scientific notation 2.25e-3 = 2.25 * 10-3 = 0.00225
Use e or E for exponent

no commas used in big numbers

float Variables - II
Ranges
IEEE floating-point standard
e = 8, f = 23

3.41038

float Variables - III


Display
%f print out the decimal value %e print out the scientific notation %g let printf decide the format
-4 < value of exponent < 5: %f format Otherwise: %e format

Operations for float type


Declaration
float x, y, z;

Assignment
y = 10.00; z = 5.8;

Calculation Plus: +
x = y + z;

Minus: x = y z;

Muliply: *
x = y * z;

Divide: /
x = y / z;

result of y/z will NOT be truncated

Example I
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a, b, c; float f; a = 10; b = 20; c = a/b; printf(%i / %i = %i\n, a, b, c); f = a/b; printf(%i / %i = %f\n, a, b, f); }

double: double-precision Variables


Similar to float
More storage space (IEEE floating-point standard)
float variables: e+f+1 = 32 double variables: e+f+1 = 64

Ranges 1.7976910308

Same display method as float Operation similar as float

char: character Variables


For single character
Enclosing the character within a pair of
a ; P \n 1

Display
%c

Example II
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a, b, f; char c;

a = 36; b = 52; c = a;
printf(The three numbers are %i , %i, %i\n, a, b, c); printf(The three characters are %c , %c, %c\n, a, b, c); }

Finish the Code


#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int float double char integerVar = 100; floatingVar = 331.79; doubleVar = 8.44e+11; charVar = W;

printf(integerVar = %? \n, integerVar); printf(floatingVar = %? \n, floatingVar ); printf(doubleVar = %? \n, doubleVar ); printf(doubleVar = %? \n, doubleVar ); // scientific notation printf(charVar = %? \n, charVar ); return 0; }

Special variable types


short
usually use less space add h after % in printf

long, long long


usually use more space use l to indicate add l after % in printf

signed, unsigned
specify whether is a signed quantity use u to indicate unsigned %u for unsigned

Assignment Operators
Join the arithmetic operators
Format: op=

Examples:

count = count + 10;


count = count - 5; a /= b + c;

count += 10; count -= 5; a = a / (b + c);

Unary Operators
Unary plus / minus
+/ Example: -a

Unary increment/decrement
++ / --

M = M + 1;

M += 1;

++M;
M++;

Arithmetic Operators
add: +, minus: -, multiply: *, divide: /, modulus: % Parentheses (grouping): ( ) Unary plus / minus
+ -

Unary increment/decrement
++ --

Operator Precedence
Precedence
Operators with higher precedence are evaluated first Operators with same precedence are evaluated from left to right In decreasing precedence
() unary increment (++), unary decrement (--) unary plus (+), unary minus (-) multiply (*), divide(/), modulus(%) add(+), minus(-)

Order for
c = -a * b a+b*c/d

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