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Island Biogeography: - Equilibrium Theory - Explanation of Community Structure As A

- The theory of island biogeography developed by MacArthur and Wilson explains how species richness on islands is determined by island size and distance from mainland species sources. It proposes an equilibrium between immigration of new species and extinction of existing species. - Criticisms of the theory include its assumptions that immigration and extinction are random, and that it does not account for interactions between species or recruitment of new individuals already on the island. - Tests of the theory have examined species turnover on the California Channel Islands over time and colonization patterns on Krakatoa following its eruption.

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65 views28 pages

Island Biogeography: - Equilibrium Theory - Explanation of Community Structure As A

- The theory of island biogeography developed by MacArthur and Wilson explains how species richness on islands is determined by island size and distance from mainland species sources. It proposes an equilibrium between immigration of new species and extinction of existing species. - Criticisms of the theory include its assumptions that immigration and extinction are random, and that it does not account for interactions between species or recruitment of new individuals already on the island. - Tests of the theory have examined species turnover on the California Channel Islands over time and colonization patterns on Krakatoa following its eruption.

Uploaded by

Citra Fitrie Riany
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Island Biogeography

Equilibrium Theory Explanation of community structure as a function of size and distance from species pool Dispersal Geographic Isolation Extinction Makes it applicable to more than true islands

Island Biogeography
MacArthur and Wilson used past island studies to develop the theory Species-area relationships Species turnover Species Isolation

Species-Area Relationship and Size

Rare Species and Extinction

Applies to Distance

Isolation and Species Area

Species Isolation

Species Isolation

Species Turnover

Species Turnover

Species Turnover

Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography

Criticisms of Island Biogeography


Interspecific differences and species interactions
Assumed immigration, extinction, and turnover as stochastic Species richness not composition

Interdependence of immigration and extinction


Treated as independent processes Does not account for recruitment of new individuals already on island

Criticisms of Island Biogeography


Biogeographically meaningful measures of isolation
Sometimes difficult to identify source without studying systematics Composition question

Biogeographically meaningful measures of island size


Spatial heterogeneity Ecological and biogeographical history

Criticisms of Island Biogeography


Importance of speciation
If species are derived on island, then model is violated Speciation probably only important on large, isolated islands in terms of number of species

Disturbance (ecological and geological time scales)


Would prevent equilibrium

Tests of Island Biogeography

Estimates of turnover on southern California Channel Islands

Krakatau Revisited Colonization Curves

Krakatau Revisited I/E rates

Krakatau Revisited I/E rates

Simberloff and Wilson (1970) Experiment

Krakatoa Revisited Plant Colonization


Succession had to proceed to allow animal colonization

Accounting for Succession/Recruitment


How does succession alter likelihood that immigrants will survive and reproduce? F = failure rate (species failing to est. breeding population C=IF C decreases over time

Disturbance Events
How to account for disturbance effects? Disturbanes at same temporal scale as island I and E might prevent equilibrium Shorter time scale (fires, drought..) probably only slow process

Possible Effects of Speciation


Effect of Area

Effect of Distance

Island Applications of Island Biogeography


Freshwater Lakes North American lakes (Post-Pleistocene) relied on connections to other waters, including streams and rivers, for colonization Not near saturation Example Great Lakes; large but not many species; lotic sources depauparate

Island Applications of Island Biogeography


African lakes much older; high diversity from speciation through adaptive radiation North American lakes, including Great Lakes, show evidence of same but not much time has passed

Species-Area Relationships

Species-Area Relationship in Rivers


Greater diversity in N. Amer. rivers N. Amer. rivers generally have N-S flow Would allow dispersal in advance of glaciers

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