PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG SAN PABLO

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

Health Education:
THEORIES OF
LEARNING
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG SAN PABLO
COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

LEARNING

“Learning has happened when people can demonstrate that they know
something that they didn’t know before (insights and realisations as well as
facts) and/or when they can do something they couldn’t do before (skills).”
(Mumford, 1995)
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG SAN PABLO
COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

Winston Churchill- “ I am always ready

to learn, although I do not always like
being taught”
 4 Types of Learning Styles

 1. Visual- Learning by looking at something

 2. Auditory- Learning by hearing something
 3. Reading and Writing- Learning through reading and
writing
 4. Kinesthetic- Learning by doing something
Behaviorism
John Watson

 The Father of Psychological School of Behaviorism

 Only behavior that could be observed, recorded and
measured was of any real value for the study of humans
and animals.
 Posists that the cause of observable and measurable
animal activity (including that of humans) is best
explained by conditioning.
 Behaviorism also posists that the best way to treat
behavioral d/o is via use of behavioral modification and
that is unnecessary to consider thoughts and feelings of a
person.
Behaviorism
John Watson

 His thinking was significantly influenced by the earlier

classical conditioning experiment of Russian Psychologist
Ivan Pavlov and his infamous dogs.
 Behaviorism
John Watson

 Sigmund Freud is the Austrian neurologist and 'father of

psychoanalysis' (ID- EGO-SUPEREGO).
 Freudian Notions says that our unconscious mind was
behind unconscious mind defines most of our behavior.
 Watson’s behaviorism rejected the concept of the
unconscious and internal mental state of a person
because it was not observable and was subject to the
psychologist’s subjective interpretation.
 Cognitivism

 Concerned with internal mental processes which seek understanding and meaning in the
material to be learned (Gould and Roffey-Barentsen 2014).

 The cognitive approach focuses on the links between existing knowledge and that
“current learning builds on previous learning”. (Gould & Roffey-Barentsen, 2014).As a
result the “questions will be open, of a ‘how’ and ‘why’ nature, rather than the more
closed ‘what’ type of questions used in behaviourism”. (Gould & Roffey-Barentsen, 2014)
The types of assessment most suited to cognitive approach are those that involve
problem solving, such as case studies and scenarios.
Cognitivism

Jean Piaget
 Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in
cognitive development that occur as we move from infancy to
adulthood.
 Cognitive development results from the interplay between
innate capabilities (nature) and environmental influences
(nurture).
 In his theory of cognitive development, Jean Piaget proposed
that humans progress through four developmental stages: the
sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational
stage, and formal operational stage.
Cognitivism
 Humanimism
 “At the heart of the humanistic perspective on learning is ‘the
person’” (Gould & Roffey-Barentsen) as a result it is student led
learning, whereby the teacher becomes the facilitator within the
class.

 The humanistic approach takes into account that all the students
within the group will have different goals but all will attempt to do the
best they can, working on the concept of: “we all try to ‘be the best
that we can be’ or, as humanists would describe it, strive for self-
actualisation”, (Gould & Roffey-Barentsen)
Humanimism

Abraham Maslow

 is considered one of the leading architects of

humanistic psychology. His theory is based on the
notion that experience is the primary phenomenon
in the study of human learning and behavior.
 Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs or drives in
order of decreasing priority or potency but
increasing sophistication: physiological needs,
safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-
actualization.
Humanimism
 Constructivism
Knowledge is constructed rather than innate, or passively absorbed.
• Constructivism’s central idea is that human learning is constructed, that
learners build new knowledge upon the foundation of previous learning.
• This prior knowledge influences what new or modified knowledge an
individual will construct from new learning experiences (Phillips, 1995).

Learning is an active process.

• The passive view of teaching views the learner as ‘an empty
vessel’ to be filled with knowledge, whereas constructivism
states that learners construct meaning only through active
engagement with the world (such as experiments or real-
world problem-solving).
Constructivism

Jean Piaget
 Constructivism is a theory in education which posits that
individuals or learners do not acquire knowledge and
understanding by passively perceiving it within a direct process
of knowledge transmission, rather they construct new
understandings and knowledge through experience and social
discourse, integrating new information with what they already
know (prior knowledge).
 Connectivism

 Connectivism is a learning theory that explains how Internet

technologies have created new opportunities for people to learn and
share information across the World Wide Web and among
themselves.

 These technologies include Web browsers, email, wikis, online

discussion forums, social networks, YouTube, and any other tool
which enables the users to learn and share information with other
people. Connectivism Learning Theory posits that the use of digital
technology helps to solve a problem and, in turn, deepens the
understanding of a topic.
Connectivism

George Siemens
Connectivism was first introduced in 2004 on a blog post which was later
published as an article in 2005 by George Siemens. It was later expanded in
2005 by two publications, Siemens' Connectivism: Learning as Network
Creation and Downes' An Introduction to Connective Knowledge.
 Andradogy

 Andragogy refers to methods and principles used in adult education. The

word comes from the Greek ἀνδρ- (andr-), meaning "adult male", and
ἀγωγός (agogos), meaning "leader of".

 Therefore, andragogy literally means "leading men (adult males)",

whereas "pedagogy" literally means "leading children".
Andradogy

Malcom Knowles
 Proposed andragogy as a theory, others posit that
there is no single theory of adult learning or
andragogy. In the literature where adult learning
theory is often identified as a principle or an
assumption, there are a variety of different approaches
and theories that are also evolving in view of evolving
higher education instruction, workplace training, new
technology and online learning (Omoregie, 2021).
Andradogy

Malcom Knowles
 Malcolm Knowles identified these adult learner
characteristics related to the motivation of adult
learning.

1. Need to know
2. Adult Education class
3. Foundation
4. Self-concept
5. Readiness
6. Orientation
7. Motivation
Historical Foundation of Patient Education in Health
care
Patient education has been a part of healthcare since the first
healer gave the first patient advice about the treating his/her
ailments.
 Formative
 First phase in the development of organized health care (1800
century)
 Emphasis on the patient-caregiver relationship
 20th Century second phase in the development of organized
health care
 3rd phase development of organized health care begun after
world war 2
The late 1940s -1950 is described as a time when patient education
continued to occur as part of clinical encounters.
 Patients bill of rights 1972 both obligation and legal responsibility
 patients right to receive current information about their
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in understnadable
terms and information that enables them to make informed
decision about their health care
1976 -Joint Commission on Accrediattion of Health care
organization broadened the scope for OPD/In-patient
 - By 1980-1990 - focusede on national health education
which focused on disease prevention and health promotion
-By 21st century- competencies, professional grups
These competencies for the practice of heaalth care include
the need for all health professional to do the following:
a.Enhance a personal ethic of socail responsibility and
service
b. Provide evidence-based, clinically competent care
c. Incorporate the multiple determinants of health in clinical
area
d. Rigorouslypractice preventive health care
e. Improve access to health care for those with unmet
health needs
f. Practice relationship-centered care with individual &
families
g. Provide culturally sensitive care to a diverse society
h. Use communication & information technology effectively
and appropriately
I. Continue to learn & help other learn
Health education was once part of the discharge plan
for the patien
• Disease oriented pateint education (DOPE)
• Prevention -oriented pateint education (POPE)
• Health -oriented patient education (HOPE)
 empowering patient support
 Protection of patient voice
Evolution of the teaching role of nurses

 Providing patient education

 Educating of colleagues
 Training the trainer
 Continuing education
 In-service programs
 Staff development
 Clinical instructor
 Clinical preseptors and mentors
Social, Economic, and Political Trends Affecting
Health Care
• Demographic changes
• Social status and access to health care
• Increase in demand of pateints need
• Increase healthcare expenses
• Competent in caring for themselves
• Malpractice and legal issues
• Increasing chronic illnesses
• Advent of the complexity of care and treatment in home
and community based
 Social, economic, and Political Trends Affrecting
Health Care
• Client health literacy
• Healthcare believe is supported by research
• Critical thinking
• The fields of genetic and genomes included in the
wholistic approach
 Purpose, Goals, and Benifits of Patient and Nursing
Staffs/ Student Education
• The purpose of patient education is to increase the
competence of clients for self management
• The primary goal is to increase the responsibility and
independence of clients for self care
• Effective Teaching by the nurse can do the following
 increase consumer satisfaction
 improve quality of life
 Ensure continutiy of care
Effective eaching by the nurse can do the following
 Decrease pateint anxiety
 Effectively reduce the complications of illness and the
incedence of disease
 Promote adherence to treatment plans
 Maximize independence in the performance of ADL
 Energize and empower consumers to become actively
involved in the planning of their care
 Education Process Defined
• Is a systematic, sequntial, logical, science based, planned
course of action consiting of two major indepedent
operations: Teaching & Learning
• Is a framework for participatory, shared approach to
teaching and learning
• nd Nursing Process
•• consist
consistof of the basic elements of assessment, planning,
implementation, and evaluation
• nd Learning
• consist
Nursing Process Education Process
• Appraise physical & ASSESSMENT • Ascertain learning needs,
Psychological need rediness to learn and
learning styles
• Develop care plan based Planning • Develop teaching plan based
on mutual goal setting to on mutually predertermined
meet individual needs behavioural outcomes to
meet individual needs
• Carry out nursing care • Perform the act of teaching
Implementation using specific teaching
interventions using
standard procedure methods and instructional
materials
• Determine physical and Evaluation
psychosocial outcomes • Determine behaviour
changes (Outcomes) in
knowledge, attitude, and
skills
 Learning
• is defined as change in behavior (knowledge,
attitudes,and or skills) that can be observed or measured
and that occurs at anytime or in any place resulting from
exposure to environmental stimuli
• is an action by which knowledge, skills and attitude are
consciously acquired such that behavior istered in some
way.
 Patient Education
• is a process of assisting people in learning health-related
behaviors that they can incorporate into everyday life,with
the goal of achieving optimal and independence in self
Staff Education

• is a process of influencingthe behavior of nurses by

producing changes in the knowledge, attitude and skills to
help maintain and improve their competencies for the
delivery of high quality care to the costumer
 ASSURE MODEL

• A- Analyze the learner

• State the object
• Select the instructional methods and materials
• Use instructional methods and materilas
• Require learner performance
• Evaluate the teaching plan and revise as necessary
The Contemporary Role of the Nurses as Educator
• The role of the educator has shifted from the traditional
position of giver of information to that process designer
and coordinator
• Nursing Theorist:
1. Dorothy Orem - Self Care Theory (1991)
2. Betty Newman - System Model Theory (1995)
3. Jean Watsons - Human Caring Science (2012)
4. Patricia Benner - Novice to Expert (1984)
 Interpersonal Practice
• also known as team based care, interprofessional
collaboration and collaborative, interdependent manner
and inpartnership with patients to deliver appropriate, cost
efective and efficient care with complex environment of
the healthcare system.
Patient Centered Care
• Nurses and other healthcare professional work to reach a
shared understanding with pateints rather than the
paternalistic
QUALITY AND SAFETY OF NURSING

• PATIENT CENTERED CARE

• TEAMWORK & COLLABORATION
• EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
• QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
• INFORMATICS
• SAFETY
BARRIERS TO TEACHING & OBSTACLES TO LEARNING
• FACTORS INTERFERRING WITH THE HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL’S ABILITY TO TEACH
 LACK OF TIME
 LACK OF MOTIVATION
 NEGATIVE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT
 ABSENCE OF THIRD PARTY REIMBURSEMENT
 DOCUMENTATION DIFICULTIES
 QUESTIONNABLE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLIENT EDUCATION
 LACK OF CONFIDENCE AND COMPETENCE
 LOW PRIORITY STATUS
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ABILITY TO LEARN
• FACTORS INTERFERRING WITH THE ABILITY OF LEARNER TO
PROCESS INFORMATION
 LACK OF TIME (RAPID DISCHARGE OR EPISODIC CARE)
 LITERACY PROBLEM
 NEGATIVE INFLUENCEOF ENVIRONMENT
 EXTENT OF NEEDED BEHAVIOR CHANGES
 LACK OF SUPPORT FROM HEALTH PROFESSIONALS OR SIGNIFICANT
PERSON
 DENIAL OF LEARNING NEEDS
 COMPLEXITY FRAGMENTATION AND INCONVENIENCEOF HEALTH
CARE SYSTEM
 READINESS TO LEARN ISSUES (MOTIVATION AND ADHERENCE)
 STRESS OF ILLNESS
 ASSIGNMENT
•GROUP I - DOROTYH OREM THEORY
•GROUP 2 - BETTY NEUMAN
•GROUP 3 - JEAN WATSON
•GROUP 4 - PATRICIA BENNER
•GROUP 5 - IDA JEAN ORLANDO
•GROUP 6 - DOROTHY JOHNSON THEORY
1. DO A RESEARCH AND DISCUSS THE THEORY
2. HOW IT IS APPLIED ON YOUR FUTURE
3. PREPARE FOR AN EXAM NEXT MEETING
4. DO ADVANCE READING CHAPTER 2
 ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
• ETHICS - GUIDING PRINCIPLE OF BEHAVIOR

• ETHICAL BEHAVIOR NORMS OR STANDARD ACCEPTED BY

THE SOCIETY WHERE THEY BELONG

• MORAL VALUES - INTERNAL BELIEF SYSTEM. THIS VALUE

SYSTEM, DEFINED AS MORALITY IS EXPRESSED
EXTERNALLY TRHOUGH A PERSONS BEHAVIOR

• ETHICAL DILEMMA- SPECIFIC TYPE OF MORAL CONFLICT IN

WHICH TWO OR MORE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES APPLY
SUPPORT MUTUALLY INCONSISTENT COURSES ACTION
 LEGAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES

REFER RULES GOVERNING BEHAVIOR OR CONDUCT

THAT ARE ENFORECEABLE BY LAW UNDER THREAT
OF PUNISHMENT OR PENALTY SUCH AS FINE,
IMPROSONMENT OR BOTH.
THE INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS AND
THE LAW WHY ETHICS TERMINOLOGY SUCH AS:
1.INFORMED CONSENT
2.CONFIDENTIALITY
3. NONMALEFICENCE
4. JUSTICE
 CODE OF ETHICS
• REPRESENT AN ARTICULATION OF NINE
PROVISIONS FOR PROFESSIONAL VALUES AND
MORAL OBLIGATIONSWITH RESPECT TO NURSE-
PATIENTNELATIONSHIP AND WITH RESPECT TO
PROFESSION AND MISSION
• THE PROFESSIONAL CODE OF HAS BEEN
RECOGNIZED AS EXEMPLARY AND AS BEEN USED
AS A TEMPLATE BY OTHERF HEATH DISCIPLINE
ORGANIZATION IN CRAFTING THEIR OWN ETHICS
DOCUMENTS.
 LEGAL TERMS RELATED TO NURSING PRACTICE

1.AUTONOMY - RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION

2. DECISION AIDS - INCLUDE PRINTED MATERIAL
3. VERACITY - TRUTH TELLING IS CLOSELY LINL TO INFORMED
DECISIN MAKING AND INFORMED CONSENT
4. COMPETENCE - CAPACITY OF THE PATIENT TO MAKE
DECISION
5. DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION
6. COMPREHENSION-SPEAKS WITH THE INDIVIDUAL’S ABILITY
TO UNDERSTAND AND GRASP INTECLETUALLYTHE
INFORMATION BEING PROVIDE
LEGAL TERMS RELATED TO NURSING PRACTICE

7. VOLUNTARINESS - INDICATES THTA THE PATIENT CAN

MAKE A DECISION WITHOUT COERCION OR FORCE FROM
OTHER.
8.CONFIDENTIALITY - PERSONAL INFORMATION THAT IS
ENTRUSTED AAND PROTECTED AS PRIVILEDGE
INFORMATION VIA A SOCAIL CONTRACT, HELATHCARE
STANDARD OR CODE OF LEGAL COVENENT.
9. NONMALIFECENCE - IS DEFINED AS DO NOT HARM
10. NEGLIGENCE -CONDUCT WHICH FALLS BELOW THE
STANDARD ESTABLISHED BY LAW
 LEGAL TERMS RELATED TO NURSING PRACTICE

11. MALPRACTICE-NEGLIGENCE, MISCONDUCT,OR

BREACH OF DUTY BY PROFESSIONAL RESULTS IN
INJURY OR DAMAGE TO THE PATIENT.
12.BENEFICIENCE- DOING GOOD FOR THE BENFITS
OF OTHER
13. JUSTICE- FAIRNESS AND EQUITABLE

THE STUDENT -TEACHER RELATIONSHIP - PROCEED WITH

TRUST AND RESPECT (FREEDMAN, 2003, GILLESPIE,2002)
.Developmental stage of the learner (Developmental characteristics)

• LEARNING THEORY- COHERENT FRAMEWORK OF INTEGRATED

CONSTRUCT AND PRINCIPLES THAT DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN OR PREDICT
HOW PEOPLE WILL LEARN
 PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING THEORIES - CONCEPTS AN DPRINCIPLES
OF BEHAVIORIST, COGNITIVE AND PSYCHODYNAMIC AND
HUMANISTIC LEARNING
1. BEHAVIORIST LEARNING-FOCUISNG MAINLY ON WHAT
OBSERVEABLE, BEHAVIORIST VIEW LEARNING AS THE PRODUCT OF
THE STIMULUS CONDITION
 RESPONDENT CONDITIONING (PLALOVIAN CONDITIONING)
 STIMULUS GENERALIZATION - IS THE TENDENCY OF INITIAL
LEARNING EXPERIENCES TOBE EASILY APPLIED TO TOHER SIMILAR
STIMULI
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION - FEAR OF CERTIAN
STIMULUS OR SITUATION IS LEARNED
DISCRIMINATION LEARNING - ILLUSTRATION OF
PATIENTS EXPERIENCE
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY - RESPONSE TO
STIMULUS MAY APPEAR AGAIN
OPERANT CONDITIONING- FOCUS ON THE
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF AN ORGANISM AND
THE ENFORCEMENT TAHT OCCURS AFTER THE
RESPONSE OCCURS.
ESCAPE CODNTIONING-UNPLEASENT STIMULUS IS
BEING APPLIED
AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING- UNPLEASANT
STIMULUS IS ANTICIPATED RATHER THAN
BEINGAPPLIED DIRECTLY
COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY-PERCEPTION,THOUGHT, MEMORY.\, &
WAYS OF PROCESSING ANDS TRUCTURING INFORMATION

1. METACOGNITION-TRANSFER OF LEARNING, THE LEARNER MUST

MEDITATE OR ACT ON THE INFORMATION
 GESTALT THEORY -”THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF ITS
PARTS”
1. PEOPLE ORIENT OR PAY ATTENTION IN INFORMATION WHILE
HABITUATING OR SCREENING OUT COMPETING INFORMATION AT
ANYONE TIME
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION IS DIRECTED TOWARD SIMPLICITY,
EQUILIBRIUM AND REGULARITY.
3. PERCEPTION IS SELECTIVE- WHAT INDIVIDUALS PAY ATTENTION TO
AND WHAT THEY IGNORE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE HOST OF
FACTORS EXPERIENCES, NEEDS, PERSONAL MOTIVES AND
ATTITUDES......
 PERCEPTION IS INFLUENCED BY HOW AN EVENT IS STRUCTURAL
AND IS DIRECTED TOWARD ORGANIZATION AND CLOSURE WITHIN
EACH LEARNER
 CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER- QUIZ # 1
1. Andragogy is best describe as or define as.
a) adult experience/success
b) methods and principles used in adult education
c) adult work in life
d) old school techgnique
2. I am always ready to learn, although i do not always like being
taught was stated by:
e) Patricia Benner
f) Abraham Maslo
g) Winston Churchill
h) John Watson
 Quiz #1 Continue:
3. Student or learner can learn from different methods such as
a) Visual, dancing,singing
b) Visual & Auditory kinestethic only
c) Visual, auditory, reading and writing only
d) Visual, auditory, reading & writing , kinestethic
4. The father of psychologist School of behaviorism who best
explained the theory of conditioning
e) John Watson
f) Jean Piaget
g) Abraham Maslow
h) George Siemens
Quiz #1 Continue:
5. Connectivism was introduced first in 2005 deals with the theory of Connective
knowledge.
a) John Watson
b) Jean Piaget
c) Abraham Maslow
d) George Siemens
6. Paients Bill of right of 1972 was considered as the healtcare important duty to
observe because of the following reason(s)
e) it is ethical & obligation
f) it is Lagal resposnisbility & ethical
g) it is moral & obligation
h) it is obligation and responsibility
Quiz #1 Continue:
7. The evolution of teachnig role of nurses can be best describe
choose all that applies.
a) Educating collegues
b) Preceptor & mentor
c) Mother / Father role
d) Developmental stage
8. In conducting or giving health education the nurse should
considered the following aspect(s)
e) Client health literacy
f) Genetics back ground
g) Source of income
h) None of the above
Quiz #1 Continue:
9. Effective health teaching of the nurse can result to one of the
following:
a) Increase patient anxiety
b) Decrease knowledge on self care
c) Do not follow appointment
d) Improve qulity of lie
10. It si defined as systematic, sequential, science based, planned
course of action:
e) Education process
f) Health Teaching
g) Planning
h) Nursing process
Quiz #1 Continue:
11. It follows four steps or wasy in order to be able to render care to
the client or patient
a) Education process
b) Health Teaching
c) Planning
d) Nursing process
12. Nurse Smith develop care plan based on mutual goal setting to
meet the individual needs. Waht do you call this elemant of care:
e) Assessment
f) Planning
g) Implementation
h) Evaluation
Quiz #1 Continue:
13. Part of thecare paln that delas withphysical and psychosocial
outcomes.
a) Assessment
b) Planning
c) Implementation
d) Evaluation
14. Another part of the process that deals with carrying out the care
intervenstions using standard procedure:
e) Assessment
f) Planning
g) Implementation
h) Evaluation
Quiz #1 Continue:

15. Deals with the appraisal of the physical and

psychological need of the client or patient:
a) Assessment
b) Planning
c) Implementation
d) Evaluation
1. It is the guiding principle of human on what is moral and
acceptable by the society or communityMORAL VLAUES
A. Ethics
B. Law
C. Moral
D. Disciplines

2. It pertains to the support mutually inconsistent course of action

or it is a form of conflict in decision making
A. Ethics
B. Law &morality
C. Ethico legal issues
D. Ethical dilemma
3. THE INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS AND
THE LAW WHY ETHICS?
a. Nurse code of ethics
b. Values
c. Legal rights & duties
d. Ethics
4. It is considered to be an examlary sample sets of law follow
or use by other discipline of profession
a.Nurse code of ethics
b. Values
c. Legal rights & duties
d. Ethics
5.TRUTH TELLING IS CLOSELY LINk TO INFORMED DECISION
MAKING AND INFORMED CONSENT
a) Malpractice
b) evidence based practice
c) Non malefecence
d) Comprehension

6. CONDUCT WHICH FALLS BELOW THE STANDARD ESTABLISHED

BY LAW
a. malpractice
b. evidence based practice
c. Non malefecence
d. Comprehension

•
7. Human may use some method in order to protect themselves from anxiety or
stress
a. Denial
b. Defense mechanism
c. Rationalization
d. acceptance
8 Mr Paulo received a news from the school with regars to his status, as his
application to migrate to Canada was released, in his surprise his application
not approved by the board. What will be his first and initial reaction?
a. Denial
b. Defense mechanism
c. Rationalization
d. acceptance
.
9. Mr. Paulo after receiving the news, he did not say anything instead he
continue to work and was happy. Describe Paulo’s beahvior or reaction to the
news?
a. Reaction formation
b, Denial
c. Defence mechanismA
d. Rationalization
10. Mr. Paulo recognized the emeArgency need in one of the people standing
there he was able manage the situation because he remember everything he
needs to do. What type of inteliggence he used.
a. Emotional inteligence
b. Fluid inteligence
c. Cognitive inteligence
d. Psycho dynamic inteligence
13. During growth and development, the human highly dependent on the
environment to be able to meet the physiologic needs
a. Infancy and toddlerhood
b. early childhood
c. earlu adulthood
d. Middle and late childhood

14. The psychological stage development is industry vs inferiority

a. Infancy and toddlerhood
b. early childhood
c. early adulthood
d. Middle and late childhood
11. A stage in life that is formal operations but decrease the ability to
think abstractly and process of information.
a. Adulthood
b. Middle -aged adult
c. older adult
d. Young adult
12. Your nursing intervention to the above stage should include
except one.
a. Involve principal caregiver
b. Encourage participation
c. Assess coping mechanism
d. Assess montivational level for involvement