CE 315

Structural Theory

Week 7 – Deflection in Beams (Double Integration Method)

Prepared by:
Engr. Aldous Neil Jocson
Deflection in Beams – Double
Integration Method
 Intended Learning Outcome:
• To understand how elastic beam theory is related to double integration
method.
• To derive the key equation of an elastic curve of the beam.
• To differentiate the three equations that represents the elastic curve, slope,
and deflection of the beam.
• To solve statically indeterminate beams using double integration method.
 Safety

Serviceability Factors in Design Economy

Esthetics
 Deflection
• Deflections of structures can occur from various sources, such as loads,
temperature, fabrication errors, or settlement. For good design, however,
deflections must be limited in order to provide integrity and stability of the
structure, and prevent cracking of attached brittle materials such as concrete,
plaster, or glass. Furthermore, a structure must not vibrate or deflect severely.
Besides being able to calculate deflections for these purposes, we must also
be able to calculate deflections at specified points in a structure in order to
analyze statically indeterminate structures.
 Deflection Diagrams
• Before the slope or displacement of any point on a beam or frame is
determined, it is often helpful to sketch the deflected shape of the structure
when it is loaded. This deflection diagram represents the elastic curve or
centerline deflection of the members.
 Elastic Curve
• The elastic curve is the curve that passes through the centroid of each cross
section of the beam, and for most cases it can be sketched without much
difficulty.
• When doing so, just remember that supports that resist a force, such as a pin,
restrict displacement, and those that resist a moment, such as a fixed wall,
restrict rotation or slope as well as displacement.
 Elastic Curve
• If the elastic curve for a beam seems difficult to establish, it is suggested that the
moment diagram for the beam be drawn first. Using the beam sign convention
established, a positive internal moment tends to bend the beam concave upwards.
Likewise, a negative moment tends to bend the beam concave downwards. Therefore,
if the moment diagram is known, it will be easy to construct the elastic curve.
 Moment-Curvature Relationship
From Elastic Beam Theory:
 Moment-Curvature Relationship
From Elastic Beam Theory:
 Moment-Curvature Relationship
In calculus:

Substituting:
 Double Integration Method

• The resulting solution must contain two constants of integration since EIy” = M is of
second order. These two constants must be evaluated from known boundary conditions
concerning the slope deflection at certain points of the beam.

• The first integration y’ yields the slope of the elastic curve and the second integration y
gives the deflection of the beam at any distance x

• y is the deflection of the beam at any distance x. E is the modulus of elasticity of the
beam, I represent the moment of inertia about the neutral axis, and M represents the
bending moment at a distance x from the end of the beam. The product EI is called the
flexural rigidity of the beam.
 Double Integration Method
Boundary Conditions
The constants of integration are determined by evaluating the functions for slope or displacement at a
particular point on the beam where the value of the function is known. These values are called
boundary conditions.

• If the beam is supported by a roller or pin, then it is required that the displacement be zero at these
points.
• At fixed support, the slope and displacement are both zero
 Double Integration Method
Sign Convention
• Positive slope – Counter clockwise
• Negative slope – Clockwise
• Positive deflection – Upward
• Negative deflection - Downward
 Procedure for Analysis
y
1. Establish the x and y coordinates. x

2. Pass a cutting plane at the last

segment of the beam and
determine the moment equation in x
terms of x.
3. Determine the slope and deflection
equation.
4. Determine the value of C1 and C2
using boundary conditions.
 Problem 1
Calculate the following for the given beam. Assume constant EI

= - 203.125/EI, = 171.875/EI, = - 62.5/EI, = -468.75/EI, = - 490.617/EI

 Problem 2
• Determine the maximum deflection of
the simply supported beam. The
beam is made of wood having a
modulus of elasticity of Ew = 10GPa
and a rectangular cross section of b
= 60mm and h = 125mm

= - 21.6 mm
 Problem 3
• Calculate the following for the given beam. Assume constant EI

= 68.125/EI, = 48.125/EI, = 31.125/EI, = 106.25/EI, = - 136.709/EI

 Problem 4
• Calculate the following for the given beam. Assume constant EI

= 2565/14EI, = - 183.63/EI
 Problem 5
• Calculate the following for the given beam. Assume EI =480,000 kN-m2
a) in mm
b) in mm
c) in mm

= 0.4178 mm, = -0.3286 mm, = 0.04718 mm

 Problem 6
• Calculate the following for the given propped beam. Assume constant EI

1. Reaction at the propped support, kN

2. Moment reaction at the fixed support, kN-m
3. Vertical reaction at the fixed support, kN
4. Max Deflection

R= 75 kN, M= 250 kN.m, RA= 125 kN, = - 1083.224/EI

Deflection Limitation Based on NSCP 2015
 Thank You!
Reminder:
Seatwork next meeting. Bring front page (Note: Change the name of the subject to
“Structural Theory”)
Short Bond Paper

End of Week 7
 Seatwork 3
Calculate the following for the
given beams. Assume
constant EI

Draw also the Elastic Curve

of the Beams

(Note: This is a formula

derivation seatwork)
 Reflection Paper (Prelim)
1) What Are the Core Concepts and Theories You've Mastered?
Reflect on the fundamental concepts, theories, and principles you've learned in the course. Discuss how these concepts are
applicable to civil engineering and real-world projects.
2) What New Skills or Techniques Have You Developed?
Discuss any new technical skills, tools, or techniques you've acquired during the course. How do these skills enhance your abilities as
a civil engineer, and how might they be useful in future projects or your career?
3) What Challenges Did You Encounter, and How Did You Overcome Them?
Reflect on any challenges or obstacles you faced while studying the course material. Describe the strategies you used to overcome
these challenges, and consider how these experiences have contributed to your growth as a civil engineer.
4) How Will Your Learning Benefit Your Future Career as a Civil Engineer?
Think about the long-term impact of what you've learned in this course. How will your newfound knowledge and skills benefit your
future projects, career aspirations, or contributions to the field of civil engineering?

 No need for cover page. Just use short bond paper with border 1.5 cm on all sides.
 Write your Name (Surname, First Name, MI), Section, and REFLECTION PAPER PRELIM on the upper left corner of the paper
 References:
• Hibbeler, R.C. (2020). Structural Analysis in SI Units (10th Edition).Harlow,
United Kingdom : Pearson Education Inc.
• Kassimali, Aslam (2020). Structural Analysis. 6 th ed. Boston, Massachusetts:
Cengage Learning