INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

What is statistics?
The practice or science of collecting and
analyzing data in large quantities, especially for
the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole
from those in a representative sample.
Sample Vs Population
Population
• contains all members of a
specified group (the entire list of
possible data values)

Sample
• contains a part, or a subset, of a
population. The size of a sample
is always less than the size of the
population from which it is taken
 Sample Vs Population
Population
• contains all members of a specified group (the
entire list of possible data values)

Sample
• contains a part, or a subset, of a population. The
size of a sample is always less than the size of the
population from which it is taken

Example
• Population: People residing in India
• Sample1: People residing in India and below the
poverty line
• Sample2: People residing in India and studying in
the university.
 Data Classification

Level of
Type of Data
Measurement
Qualitative
Categorical • Nominal
• Ordinal

Numerical Quantitative
• Discrete • Interval
• Continuous • Ratio
 Types of Data
Categorical Data
• deals with numbers and things you can measure
objectively: dimensions such as height, width, and
length. Temperature and humidity. Prices. Area and
volume

Numerical Data
• deals with characteristics and descriptors that can't be
easily measured, but can be observed subjectively—such
as smells, tastes, textures, attractiveness, and color.
 Types of Data
Categorical Data
• data that can be divided into categories such as type of weather,
nationality, gender etc.
• Example1: Type of Weather: Cloudy, Rainy, Sunny, Windy etc.
• Example2: Gender: Male and Female.

Numerical Data
• deals with the data that can be expressed in the form of numbers on
which arithmetic calculations can be performed. For e.g.: Number of pets
in a family, GPA Scores, Age etc.
• Example: Age (in years): 21, 24, 35 etc.
• IQ Scores: 125, 140, 150 etc.
 Types of Numerical Data

Continuous Data
• could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels. For
example, you can measure the height of your kids at
progressively more precise scales—meters, centimeters,
millimeters, and beyond—so height is continuous data.

Discrete Data
• is a count that can't be made more precise. Typically it involves
integers. For instance, the number of children (or adults, or
pets) in your family is discrete data, because you are counting
whole, indivisible entities: you can't have 2.5 kids, or 1.3 pets
 Types of Numerical Data

Continuous Data
• could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels. For
example, you can measure the height of your kids at
progressively more precise scales—meters, centimeters,
millimeters, and beyond—so height is continuous data.

Discrete Data
• is a count that can't be made more precise. Typically it involves
integers. For instance, the number of children (or adults, or
pets) in your family is discrete data, because you are counting
whole, indivisible entities: you can't have 2.5 kids, or 1.3 pets
 Level of Measurement
Quantitative Data
• deals with numbers and things you can measure
objectively: dimensions such as height, width, and
length. Temperature and humidity. Prices. Area and
volume

Qualitative Data
• deals with characteristics and descriptors that can't be
easily measured, but can be observed subjectively—such
as smells, tastes, textures, attractiveness, and color.
 Level of Measurement

Quantitative Data
• deals with numbers and things you can count or measure
objectively: dimensions such as height, width, and length.
Temperature and humidity. Prices. Area and volume

Qualitative Data
• deals with characteristics and descriptors that can't be
easily measured, but can be observed subjectively—such
as smells, tastes, textures, attractiveness, and color.
 Types of Qualitative Data

Nominal or Unordered Data

• named categories that do not have an implicit or natural
value or rank, such as color of balls in a bag, type of weather
today.

Ordinal Data
• categories that do have some kind of implicit or natural
order, such as "Short, Medium, or Tall." Another example is
a survey question that asks us to rate an item on a 1 to 10
scale, with 10 being the best. This implies that 10 is better
than 9, which is better than 8, and so on.
 Types of Qualitative Data

Nominal or Unordered Data

• named categories that do not have an implicit or natural
value or rank, such as color of balls in a bag, type of weather
today.

Ordinal Data
• categories that do have some kind of implicit or natural
order, such as "Short, Medium, or Tall." Another example is
a survey question that asks us to rate an item on a 1 to 10
scale, with 10 being the best. This implies that 10 is better
than 9, which is better than 8, and so on.
 Types of Quantitative Data

Interval
• named categories that do not have an implicit or natural
value or rank, such as color of balls in a bag, type of weather
today.

Ratio
• categories that do have some kind of implicit or natural
order, such as "Short, Medium, or Tall." Another example is
a survey question that asks us to rate an item on a 1 to 10
scale, with 10 being the best. This implies that 10 is better
than 9, which is better than 8, and so on.
 Types of Quantitative Data
Interval
• It collects and measures data where intervals between two points are of equal
distance.
• The scale provides a degree of difference along with the rank and order of the values.
• An interval data has no true zero and have a value below zero; in other words, a value
of zero on an interval scale does not mean the variable is absent.
• Example: Temperature (in C or F). Zero degrees Fahrenheit doesn’t mean there is “no
temperature” to be measured.

Ratio
• It has the characteristics of all the levels of measurement.
• A ratio scale has a true zero point, meaning the value of zero means that the variable
you’re measuring is absent. The ratio can be zero but can’t never be below zero.
• If you have a population count of zero people, this means there are no people!
• Examples: Weight (in grams), Number of employees, Speed etc.
 Categorical
Data Classification
Type of Data Discrete
Numerical
Continuous

Ordinal
Qualitative
Nominal
Level of
Measurement
Interval
Quantitative
Ratio