DHT11 Sensor

(Digital Temperature And Humidity Sensor)

 DHT11
 DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature &
humidity sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output.
 It comes with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit
microcontroller to output the values of temperature and humidity as serial
data.
 It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor .
 The DHT11 sensor communicates with a microcontroller through a
single-wire interface.

For DHT11 Sensor module

1 Vcc Power supply 3.5 V to 5.5 V
2 Data Outputs both Temperature and Humidity
through serial Data
3 Ground Connected to the ground of the circuit
 DHT11 Specifications
Operating Voltage: 3.5 V to 5.5 V
Operating current: 0.3 mA (measuring) 60 uA (standby)
Output: Serial data
Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%
Connection
 Overall Communication Process

 When MCU sends a start signal, DHT11 changes from the low-power-
consumption mode to the running-mode, waiting for MCU completing the
start signal.
 Once it is completed, DHT11 sends a response signal of 40-bit data that
include the relative humidity and temperature information to MCU. Users
can choose to collect (read) some data.
 Without the start signal from MCU, DHT11 will not give the response
signal to MCU.
 Once data is collected, DHT11 will change to the low power-
consumption mode until it receives a start signal from MCU again.
 DHT Response to MCU
When DHT is sending data to MCU, every bit of data begins with the
50us low-voltage-level and the length of the following high-voltage-
level signal determines whether data bit is "0" or "1”

Data 0 Indication
Data 1 Indication
Ref. DHT11 Sensor

https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/758/DHT11-Technical-Data-Shee
t-Translated-Version-1143054.pdf
 PIR Sensor
(Passive Infrared Sensor)
 Introduction to PIR Sensor
 A PIR sensor is an electronic sensor used in motion detectors such as
automatically triggered lighting devices and protection systems that
measure devices emitting infrared light in their field of view.
 The term passive refers to the fact that PIR devices don’t radiate energy
for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared (radiant
heat) emitted by or reflected from objects.
 Pin Description

 Pin1 corresponds to the drain terminal of the device, which is connected

to the positive supply 5 V DC.
 Pin2 corresponds to the source terminal of the device, which connects
to the ground terminal via a 100 K or 47 K resistor. The Pin2 is the output
pin of the sensor. The pin 2 of the sensor carries the detected IR signal to
an amplifier from the
 Pin3 of the sensor connected to the ground.
 PIR Module

Pyroelectric Effect: The ability of crystals to generate electricity when they

are dynamically heated or cooled

Fresnel lens is a type of lens that has been divided into a series of
concentric annular sections, known as Fresnel zones or steps. The design of
a Fresnel lens allows it to capture and focus light effectively. These are often
made of plastic rather than glass, which further reduces their weight and
cost.
 How does PIR detects?
 Unlike ultrasonic and microwave motion sensors, passive infrared
(PIR) sensors don't emit any energy.
 Instead, they detect movement with a pyroelectric sensor that senses
changes in the infrared radiation naturally emitted by living beings and
objects warmer than absolute zero.
When a person or object moves in the range of a passive infrared
sensor, the amount of infrared radiation in the area changes, causing the
PIR sensor to trigger an alarm or other response.

 Passive infrared sensors are

especially good at detecting
human and animal movement
because living bodies emit a
lot of infrared radiation.
In the detection area, the PIR sensor’s lens receives infrared radiation energy
emitted by the human body, even through clothing. This energy is then
focused on the pyroelectric sensor. When a human body moves within the
sensor’s field of view and subsequently exits, the pyroelectric sensor registers
temperature changes, generating an alarm signal.
 PIR Sensors Parameters

 Output: Digital pulse high (3V) when triggered (motion detected)

digital low when idle (no motion detected). Pulse lengths are
determined by resistors and capacitors on the PCB and differ from
sensor to sensor.
 Sensitivity range: up to 20 feet (6 meters) 110° x 70° detection
range
 Power supply: 5V-12V input voltage for most modules (they have
a 3.3V regulator), but 5V is ideal in case the regulator has different
specs
 Applications

 Security Systems: PIR sensors are extensively used in security systems

for intruder detection. When the sensor detects motion within its range, it
triggers an alarm or activates surveillance cameras.
 Door opening: This allows the door to open automatically, providing
convenience and accessibility in various environments such as shopping
malls, hospitals, and airports.
 Automatic lighting switches: PIR sensors are integrated into lighting
systems to automatically turn lights on or off based on occupancy.
 Wildlife Monitoring: PIR sensors are employed in wildlife monitoring
systems to detect the presence of animals in their natural habitat.
 Occupancy Sensing: for optimizing space utilization, improving building
management.
 Bluetooth Sensor

HC-05

HC-05 is a Bluetooth module which is designed for wireless communication.

HC stands for Host Controller
 Introduction
A Bluetooth sensor refers to a sensor device that utilizes Bluetooth
technology for communication with other devices such as smart phones,
tablets, or computers and is is commonly used for short-range wireless
communication

 It is used for many applications like wireless headset, game

controllers, wireless mouse, wireless keyboard, and many more
consumer applications.
 It has range up to <100 m which depends upon transmitter and
receiver, atmosphere, geographic & urban conditions.
 It is IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol, through which one can
build wireless Personal Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio technology to send data over
air.
 It uses serial communication to communicate with devices. It
communicates with microcontroller using serial port (USART)
 HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pin Diagram

It has 6 pins:
1. Key/EN: It is used to bring Bluetooth module in AT commands mode. If
Key/EN pin is set to high, then this module will work in command mode.
Otherwise by default it is in data mode. The default baud rate of HC-05 in
command mode is 38400bps and 9600 in data mode.
 Contd..

HC-05 module has two modes:

1. Data mode: Exchange of data between devices.
2. Command mode: It uses AT commands which are used to change
setting of HC-05. To send these commands to module serial
(USART) port is used.

2. VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.

3. GND: Ground Pin of module.
4. TXD: Transmit Serial data (wirelessly received data by Bluetooth
module transmitted out serially on TXD pin)
5. RXD: Receive data serially (received data will be transmitted
wirelessly by Bluetooth module).
6. State: It tells whether module is connected or not.
 HC-05 Module Information

 HC-05 has red LED which indicates connection status, whether the
Bluetooth is connected or not. Before connecting to HC-05 module this red
LED blinks continuously in a periodic manner. When it gets connected to
any other Bluetooth device, its blinking slows down to two seconds.
 This module works on 3.3 V. We can connect 5 V supply voltage as
well since the module has on board 5 to 3.3 V regulator.
 As HC-05 Bluetooth module has 3.3 V level for RX/TX and
microcontroller can detect 3.3 V level, so, no need to shift transmit level of
HC-05 module. But we need to shift the transmit voltage level from
microcontroller to RX of HC-05 module.
 The data transfer rate of HC-05 module can vary up to 1 Mbps is in
the range of 10 meters.
 HC-05 Specifications
Bluetooth version: 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)
Frequency: 2.4 GHz ISM band
Modulation: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
Transmit power: Class 2 (up to 4 dBm)
Sensitivity: -80 dBm typical
Range: approximately 10 meters (or 33 feet) in open air
Profiles supported: SPP (Serial Port Profile), HID (Human Interface
Device) and others
Operating voltage: 3.3 V to 5 V DC
Operating current: less than 50 mA
Standby current: less than 2.5 mA
Sleep current: less than 1mA
Interface: UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
Baud rates: 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200,
230400, and 460800
Operating temperature: -20°C to 75°C (-4°F to 167°F)
Alternate options for HC-05 Modules

 HC-06 Bluetooth Module

 HM-10 Bluetooth Module
 RN-42 Bluetooth Module
 ESP-32 Bluetooth Module
 nRF24L01+ Wireless Module
 Comparison of HC-05 and HM-10 Bluetooth Module

HC-05 HM-10
- Operates as master or slave (can - Operates as peripheral only (slave
initiate connection) mode)
- Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR - Bluetooth 4.0 BLE (Bluetooth Low
- Max data rate of 3 Mbps Energy)
- Range of 10-15 meters - Max data rate of 1 Mbps
- AT command interface for - Range of 30-50 meters
configuration - Some modules have embedded AT
- Requires external power 3.3 V mode
- Low cost - 1.8 V to 3.6 V power
- More expensive