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Lecture03-AI-UMT-Spring 24

The document discusses artificial intelligence and intelligent agents. It introduces the Turing test for testing machine intelligence and defines an agent as anything that perceives and acts on its environment. It also defines rational agents and discusses the PEAS model for designing agents as well as different types of environments agents can operate in.

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39 views21 pages

Lecture03-AI-UMT-Spring 24

The document discusses artificial intelligence and intelligent agents. It introduces the Turing test for testing machine intelligence and defines an agent as anything that perceives and acts on its environment. It also defines rational agents and discusses the PEAS model for designing agents as well as different types of environments agents can operate in.

Uploaded by

arslanshaheen248
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Artificial Intelligence

CS-3151
Instructor: Fasiha Ashraf
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

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Acting humanly: Turing Test

• Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of


fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
• Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50
years
• Suggested major components of AI:
• Knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning
3
Rational
Agents
• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
• “An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors
and acting upon that environment through actuators.”
• This course is about designing rational agents
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:
f : P*  A
• For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of
agents) with the best performance
• Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable
 design best program for given machine resources

4
Intelligent Agents
• Agents and Environments
• Rationality
• PEAS (Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors)
• Environment types
• Agent types

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Agents and Environments

The agent function maps from percept histories to actions:

[f: P*  A]

The agent program runs on the physical architecture to produce f


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Agents
• Human agent
• Sensors  eyes, ears, tongue and other organs
• Actuators  hands, legs, mouth and other body parts

• Robotic agent
• Sensors  cameras, infrared range finders
• Actuators  various motors

• Software agent
• Sensory input  receives file contents, network packets, and human input
(keyboard/mouse/touchscreen/voice)
• Actions  writing files, sending network packets, and displaying information or generating
sounds

7
Vacuum-cleaner world

• Percepts: location and contents, e.g., [A, Dirty]

• Actions: Left, Right, Suck, NoOp

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A vacuum-cleaner agent
function REFLEX-VACUUM-AGENT( [location, status] ) returns an action
if status = Dirty then return Suck
else if location = A then return Right
else if location = B then return Left

• What is the right function?


• Can it be implemented in a small agent program?

9
A vacuum-cleaner agent
Percept sequence Action
[A, Clean] Right
[A, Dirty] Suck function REFLEX-VACUUM-AGENT( [location,
status] ) returns an action
[B, Clean] Left if status = Dirty then return
[B, Dirty] Suck else if location = A then return Right
Suck
else if location = B then return Left
[A, Clean], [A, Clean] Right
[A, Clean], [A, Dirty] Suck
… …

• What is the right function?


• Can it be implemented in a small agent program?

10
Rationality

11
PEAS

12
PEAS

13
Internet Shopping Agent

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Internet Shopping Agent

15
Environment Types
• Fully observable or partially observable?
• Deterministic or stochastic?
• Episodic or sequential?
• Static or dynamic?
• Discrete or continuous?
• Single-agent or multi-agent?

16
Environment Types
• Fully observable (vs. partially observable): An agent's sensors give it
access to the complete state of the environment at each point in
time.

• Deterministic (vs. stochastic): The next state of the environment is


completely determined by the current state and the action
executed by the agent. (If the environment is deterministic
except for the actions of other agents, then the environment is
strategic)

17
Environment Types
• Episodic (vs. sequential): The agent's experience is divided into atomic
"episodes" (each episode consists of the agent perceiving and then
performing a single action), and the choice of action in each episode
depends only on the episode itself.

• Static (vs. dynamic): The environment is unchanged while an agent is


deliberating. (The environment is semi-dynamic if the environment
itself does not change with the passage of time but the agent's
performance score does)

18
Environment Types
• Discrete (vs. continuous): A limited number of distinct, clearly defined
percepts and actions.

• Single agent (vs. multiagent): An agent operating by itself in an


environment.

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Environment Types
Solitaire Backgammon Internet shopping Taxi
Observable?
Deterministic?
Episodic?
Static?
Discrete?
Single-agent?

The environment type largely determines the agent design

The real world is (of course) partially observable, stochastic, sequential, dynamic,
continuous, multi-agent
20
Acknowledgement
• I have taken help for these slides from the work of:
• Book Slides (AIMA, Berkeley)

21

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