Perencanaan Ketut Dewi Martha Erli H.

, ST, MT /

Partisipatif Proses Perencanaan

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER

(ITS)
www.its.ac.id
Surabaya - Indonesia
 Latar Belakang

Participatory Planning Oleh Jane Jacobs

• Jacob saw the principles that city planning as wrong and harm to
cities.
• She Introduced a new view on urban planning “Cities are for
people”.
• “Death and Life” was one of the first critiques on Urban Renewal
and still stands as one of the most influential texts on urban
planning.
• Looking into how cities actually work, rather than how they
should work according to urban designers and planners, Jacobs
effectively describes the real factors affecting cities, and
recommends strategies to enhance actual city performance.

Karina Pradinie Tucuan, ST, M.Eng / Proses Perencanaan www.its.ac.id

 Latar Belakang

Bottom-Up Community Planning Perspectives

oleh Jacob
• Jacobs contested the traditional planning approach that relies on the judgment of
outside experts, proposing that local expertise is better suited to guiding community
development.

• She based her writing on empirical experience and observation, noting how the
prescribed government policies for planning and development are usually
inconsistent with the real-life functioning of city neighborhoods.

Karina Pradinie Tucuan, ST, M.Eng / Proses Perencanaan www.its.ac.id

 Latar Belakang

Why Participatory Planning?

• participatory planning helps us understand how people understand the place, how they use
it (or how they wish to use it), how it forms their experience of the city and how it impacts
their quality of life. In other words,

• participatory planning is nothing less than user-centred planning.

• participatory planning provides the crucial platform for discussion between investors,
developers, city officials, inhabitants and all other stakeholders.

Karina Pradinie Tucuan, ST, M.Eng / Proses Perencanaan www.its.ac.id

Apa Itu Perencanaan Partisipatif?
• Participatory planning is a process by which a community undertakes to reach a given socio-economic goal by
consciously diagnosing its problems and charting a course of action to resolve those problems.
• Collaborative planning is a new paradigm of planning for a complex contemporary society which usually
mediates conflicts between parties through consensus-building processes.

• It encourages people to be engaged in a dialogue in a situation of equal empowerment and shared information,
to learn new ideas through mutual understanding, to create innovative outcomes and to build institutional
capacity (Innes and Booher, 2004; Healey, 2006).

• Collaborative Planning Theory is one of the most widely practiced theories which takes into account the roles
of the people for a better plan making.

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Empat Komponen Teori Collaborative Planning
• 1. Arenas of discoursee are produced and reproduced. Arenas refers to the spaces where negotiations and re-
negotiations take place.

• 2. Production and reproduction of knowledge which is required for the process of decision-making.

• 3. Communicative rationality or communication between the shareholders.

• 4. Trust is an essential part of collaborative planning without which people will not be able to communicate
productively with one other and no fruitful result would be obtained

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Awareness building on principles of participatory planning
• Development should be seen more as a change from the bottom up than from top down.

• The development process should be managed as a natural organic process, their timing should be tentative and
flexible to make room for adaptation to local conditions.

• Development programmes should aim to strengthen local organizations and not state and central government
bureaucracies.
• New programmes should be chosen according to their ability to increase local development management
capacity.
• Start with a few schemes to solve some immediate local problems to build local confidence and experience.

• The development process is supported by local institutions with village panchayats, primary cooperatives,
religious, youth, community-based users’ and self-help groups playing a lead role.

• It follows from the above that the development process must be based primarily on confidence and learning
rather than on experts and training.
 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
1. Identify the opportunities and risks of participation.
• Apart from serving as a guideline on what to focus on during the planning process (goals and risks)
• It can serve as a useful argumentation basis for promoting the participatory planning approach with
politicians, investors and developers

Typical Opportunities Of Participatory Typical Risk Of Participatory Planning

Planning Process Process

• Use of local knowledge for planning • Representativeness

purposes • Efficiency
• Early discovery of potential conflicts • Abuse for particular interests:
• Improved legitimacy and acceptance of • Ideological
planning projects • Political
• Better sense of belonging to a place • Economic
• Better dialogue between citizens, experts • NIMBY
and politicians of improvement of
democratic skills

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 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
2. Presequisties
Do You Have sufficient Political Support ?
• It is imperative for any participatory planning process to be backed by (local) politicians.
Lack of political support can threaten the project.

Can The Outcomes Of Participation Actually Influence The Project ?

• make sure that the outcomes of the participatory planning process can actually be
implemented in project documentation and further in the actual onstruction of the
project.
• The only way to secure this is by gaining the agreement of the key stakeholders, especially
the investor.

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 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
2. Presequisties Is The Public Interested In The Project ?
(Does The Public Have A Stake In the Project?)

If you are building something that the public is not interested in or something that the public
considers automatic (such as a water-treatment facility far away from the city), you can save
money and people’s time by not involving them in the planning process.

Do you Have Available Financial And Human Resource

For The Participatory Planning Process?

Do make sure you have enough resources and that the key stakeholders (especially investors)
are willing to spend money and time on the participatory planning ekort.

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 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
3. Scope Of Participation
• Define the themes and issues that the public can actually influence.
• The scope is defined by technical, legislative or financial limits.
• You should never engage the public beyond the limits of the agreed scope of
participation.

4. Goals Of Participatory Planning

• The goals of participatory planning are not the project goals but instead the reasons why we involve
the public.
• The defnition of goals helps the planner with selecting the appropriate methods of the participatory
planning process.
• The participation goals can be following:
• Informing about the planning process
• Analyzing needs of the users
• Getting feedback to a proposal
• Co-creating a proposal
• Mediation of conflict
• Capacity building, improving democratic skills

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 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
5. Identify The Context
• Once you have identified who is participating (the network analysis) and
once you have defined the scope, goals and context of the participatory
planning process by reaching an agreement among the stakeholders, you can
start planning the actual participatory planning process.

6. Select Methods
• Identify the most relevant participatory methods.
• The model scenarios describe which methods are most relevant for specifc
planning scenarios.

7. Create Comunication Strategy

• A good communication strategy logically linked with the project schedule is
an important part of planning and absolutely essential when involving the
ublic in the process.
• An example of communication strategy is part of every model scenario.

8. Create Project Schedule And Budget

• The budget should be realistic and relect the scale of the planned development.
• Decide whether you will need external suppliers and plan the budget accordingly.
 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
How to initiate participatory planning
1). Identify local needs, particularly of rural poor families
• Ask them directly
• Establish a common ground of understanding with them
• ensure steadfast community support for a pro-poor development initiative
(Local officials, CBOs, field workers of voluntary organizations, teachers,
women, and retired people)

2) Collect basic data

• The aim is to get a factual baseline picture
• basic data about the community, characteristics of the area, resources
situation, socio-economic status and other relevant facts.
• associate with local officials and NGO functionaries in collecting and
verifying facts from different sources

3) Formation of working groups

• form working groups that include local officials, to prepare status reports
and develop perspectives
• The aim of the working groups is to analyse and compare data, draw
inferences and identify priority areas for intervention
• resolved and managed conflicts and disagreements at every stage of
decision-making.
 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
How to initiate participatory planning
4) Formulating the objectives
• define precisely what specific objectives are to be achieved : increasing i) incomes of identified households, ii)
production of certain crops and iii) literacy among locally elected women officials
• The objective may not always be quantifiable, particularly when it involves attitudinal changes.

5) Deciding The Strategy

• assessing and mobilizing needed resources and choosing the planning methods. It is important to specify: a)
resources that are locally available and those needed from outside. (people with skills, funds, raw material
inputs, etc.); b) if resources are available when needed; and c) who should be approached, who will approach
and with whose help to secure these.
• Consider alternative local planning methods and approaches such as (i) whether to contract a job to private
individuals or to do it on a cooperative basis; ii) whether to focus on several small household-based units or
one big unit; and iii) whether to train local people as trainers for the jobs or to hire trained personnel from
outside.

6) Ensuring feasibility
• consider whether the objectives are realistic. It is important to ensure that: i) assumptions and stipulations
regarding the availability of resources, managerial competence and technical expertise are realistic; ii) proposed
activities are economically viable; and iii) local market can absorb the expected outputs.
• identify potential project beneficiaries and check how the benefits would flow to them.
 Proses Perencanaan Partisipatif
How to initiate participatory planning
7) Preparing the work plan
• This is a blueprint for decentralized project management, specifying the ‘what, who, when and how’ of local project
implementation.
• should contain the following information in simple tabular form: (i) all activities for implementation of the project; (ii)
names(s) of the person(s) responsible for each activity; (iii) starting and completion time for each activity; and (iv) the
means to carry out the activities.
• should also define the outputs expected from each activity to measure performance during implementation or on
completion of the project, for effective monitoring and evaluation.

8) Preparing the budget

• The material and human resources must be given a
monetary cost, which form the project budget.
• The cost is further broken down in terms of each period of
time and also in terms of availability - whether locally
available or to be secured from outside.
 Study Kasus 1 :
Participatory Planning in Urban Conservation and
Regeneration: A Case Study of Amphawa Community

www.its.ac.id
 Karakteristik Komunitas Amphawa

terletak di Provinsi Samut 5.000 jiwa

Songkhram, sekitar 18 penduduk
kilometer dari muara, dan
80 kilometer barat Bangkok
permukiman
permukiman berbasis air tua berbasis
terbesar di Provinsi Samut air
Songkhram.

lebih dari 300 unit ruko kayu dan batu bata

rumah tinggal individu berjejer di sepanjang

Kanal Amphawa

Karina Pradinie Tucuan, ST, M.Eng / Proses Perencanaan www.its.ac.id

Degradasi lingkungan Komunitas Amphawa Gerakan Konservasi di Thailand
Perubahan Konservasi saat ini
(sebelum tahun 2000) :
(ICOMOS, 2003) :
• Sangat lambat di tingkat lokal
abad 20, masuk sistem • konservasi kota bersejarah dan
transportasi darat • kurangnya minat publik
lainnya harus menjadi bagian
• sulitnya implementasi
integral dengan pembangunan
kepentingan ekonomi asli Komunitas Amphawa perencanaan
ekonomi, sosial lokal dan
masyarakat mulai memudar menjadi komunitas • banyak komunitas tradisional
kecil perancanaan kota tiap tingkat,
dan permukiman memudar • adanya pelibatan partisipasi
perumahannya
sebagian besar dalam beberapa di dan banyak bangunan yang
antaranya tidak publik
keadaan bobrok rusak • penghindaran kekakuan untuk
berpenghuni
• kebijakan konservasi terlalu
keberhasilan konservasi
nilai-nilai warisan
Sebagian besar kaku
masyarakat secara
warga masyarakat • tidak terintegrasi dengan Mulai mengenal
keseluruhan menurun
adalah orang tua rencana pembangunan lokal participatory planning
akibat rehabilitasi
lainnya -> sulit
Orang-orang muda produktif diimplementasikan
bermigrasi ke luar daerah

Belum mengenal
Amphawa masih mempertahankan identitasnya participatory planning
sebagai komunitas berbasis air dengan kuil-kuil yang
indah, rumah kayu tradisional, rumah baris dan
pertanian buah tropis.
 2000 2006 2011

Perencanaan Kawasan Konservasi dan Regenerasi Perkotaan di Dampak pengembangan saat ini
Komunitas Amphawa
sejumlah bangunan di Jumlah kunjungan
(2005-2006) pariwisata di sepanjang Kanal
(2002) dimulai proyek wisata meningkat
(2003-2005) Proyek Komunitas Aphawa tumbuh Amphawa telah
percontohan untuk hingga 558.326 orang
Lingkungan Budaya pesat dipulihkan dan
Pelestarian Lingkungan Thailand (TCEP) • Diadakannya pameran digunakan sejak
dan Pengembangan beberapa bangunan nasional pelaksanaan proyek Jumlah akomodasi
Komunitas Amphawa direnovasi dan pasar • Adanya promosi dari percontohan pada wisata meningkat dari
terapung Amphawa lembaga publik dan swasta tahun 2004 218 kamar menjadi
dibuat ulang • Amphawa dikenal menjadi 1.620 kamaw
tujuan wusata favorit
Sebanyak 369 rumah tak
berpenghuni di renovasi Mendapatkan penghargaan oleh
menjadi akomodasi UNESCO Asia-Pacific Award
wisata

Perencanaan Kawasan Konservasi dan Regenerasi Perkotaan di Komunitas Amphawa oleh

tim perencanaan dari Departemen Perencanaan Kota dan Wilayah, Fakultas Arsitektur, Universitas Chulalongkorn
proyek kedua : konservasi perkotaan dan proyek tiga : Proyek Lingkungan
proyek pertama : studi kasus untuk proyek lainnya : "Proyek Raks
perencanaan regenerasi Komunitas Amphawa, Budaya Thailand (TCEP)" yang
melaksanakan kebijakan strategis Amphawa" yang dilakukan
adalah "Proyek Percontohan untuk Pelestarian didanai oleh Danish
perencanaan konservasi lingkungan oleh Departemen Promosi
Lingkungan dan Pengembangan Komunitas International Development
sungai dan kanal di cekungan air barat Industri, Kementerian
Amphawa" | didanai Kantor Perencanaan Kebijakan Assistant (DANIDA) | di bawah
Thailand Perindustrian
Alam dan Lingkungan (ONEP). pengawasan ONEP
 Model Konservasi dan
Regenerasi Amphawa

• Mengusung nilai kecukupan ekonomi dalam pengembangan

• Mengintegrasikan 4 aspek pengembangan : alam dan
lingkungan terbangun, ekonomi, politik, serta sosial dan
budaya
• Seluruh aspek pengembangan menekankan partisipasi
masyarakat
 Terima
Kasih

Karina Pradinie Tucuan, ST, M.Eng / Proses Perencanaan www.its.ac.id

 Referensi
Faerhnle, Maija dan Liisa Tyrväinen. 2013. A framework for evaluating and designing collaborative planning. Land
Use Policy 34 (2013) 332– 341
Gehl, Jan. 2018. Participation Handbook. Iprpraha
Prubani, Kamalia. 2017. Collaborative planning for city development. A perspective from a city planner. Scientifi c
Review – Engineering and Environmental Sciences (2017), 26 (1), 136–147
Peerapun. 2012. Participatory Planning in Urban Conservation and Regeneration: A Case Study of Amphawa
Community. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 243 – 252
Rietbergen, Jennifer dan MC Cracken. Participatory Development Planning.

Nama Dosen/Mata kuliah www.its.ac.id