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Monotonicity 3

This document discusses Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem. Rolle's theorem states that if a function is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on the open interval, with equal values at the endpoints, then it must have at least one point in the interval where the derivative is 0. Lagrange's mean value theorem is a generalization of Rolle's theorem that relates the average rate of change over an interval to the instantaneous rate of change at some point in the interval.

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APS Apoorv prakash singh
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42 views22 pages

Monotonicity 3

This document discusses Rolle's theorem and Lagrange's mean value theorem. Rolle's theorem states that if a function is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on the open interval, with equal values at the endpoints, then it must have at least one point in the interval where the derivative is 0. Lagrange's mean value theorem is a generalization of Rolle's theorem that relates the average rate of change over an interval to the instantaneous rate of change at some point in the interval.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Monotonicity

Rolle’s Theorem
 For a function f(x) satisfying:

1. f(x) is continuous in closed interval [a,b]

2. f’(x) exists for every point in open interval (a,b)

3. f(a) = f(b)

There exists at least one point x = c, c ϵ (a,b), where f’(c) = 0


Rolle’s Theorem
 F(x) is differentiable from (a,b) and attains equal values at
x = a and x = b
 According to Rolle’s:

 There is at least one point c,


c ϵ (a,b):

f’(c) = 0

i.e., slope of function = 0


Rolle’s Theorem
 We read that f(x) has to be continuous from [a,b], let’s
make f(x) continuous from (a,b) and check whether
Rolle’s theorem holds
 For (a,b), open interval:

Slope of f(x) ≠ 0 anywhere

Therefore, Rolle’s does not hold


Rolle’s Theorem and Roots
 There is a very important takeaway from Rolle’s
Theorem:
 Between any two real roots of a differentiable function,
there lies at least one critical point (i.e., f’(x) = 0)

The conditions in Rolle’s Theorem were continuity in [a,b],


differentiability in (a,b), and f(a) = f(b)

Here, we have put a = b, and obtained the result for roots


Rolle’s Theorem and Roots
 We have f(a) = f(b) and f(x) is differentiable

 So, f’(x) will be zero for some


c ϵ (a,b)
Example
 If f(x) = 2x–cosx–sinx, prove that f(x) = 0 has exactly
one solution

Since f(0) = –1 (negative) and f(1) = 2–cos1–sin1 > 0

Therefore, f(x) = 0 for some value between 0 and 1 by the


intermediate value theorem

We now need to prove that there is only one solution and


not two or more solutions
Example contd.
 For F(x) = 2x–cosx–sinx, f’(x) = 2 + sinx – cosx

 If f(x) = 0 has two roots, then f’(x) = 0 should also have a


solution by Rolle’s theorem

F’(x) = 2+sinx–cosx

 f’(x)min = 2 – √2, which is positive

Therefore, f’(x) ≠ 0 for any value of x

Therefore, f(x) can’t have more than one solution


Example
 If ax2+bx+c = 0, a, b, c ϵ R. Find the condition that this
equation would have at least one root in (0,1)

A polynomial function is continuous and differentiable

Consider f’(x) = ax2+bx+c

 f(x) = ax3/3 + bx2/2 + cx + λ

 f(0) = λ and f(1) = a/3 + b/2 + c + λ


Example contd.
We found that f(0) = λ and f(1) = a/3 + b/2 + c + λ

Since all conditions are met for Rolle’s:

f(x) = ax3/3 + bx2/2 + cx + λ is differentiable

f’(x1) would be 0 for 0 < x1 < 1, if f(0) = f(1):

 λ = a/3 + b/2 + c + λ

 2a+3b+6c = 0 is the required condition


Example
 If f(x) = cosx + 2, show that f’(x) = 0 has at least one root
in the interval –π < x < π

f(x) = 2+cosx is continuous and differentiable

f(π) = 1 = f(–π)

Since f(π) = f(–π) and f is also continuous and


differentiable from –π < x < π, by Rolle’s Theorem:

f’(x) = 0 for at least one x, –π < x < π


Example
 Show that the function tanx+x–1 = 0 has at least one root
in the interval 0 < x < 1

If tanx +x–1 = 0, then sinx + (x–1)cosx = 0

Let f’(x) be sinx + (x–1)cosx

 f(x) = ∫[sinx + (x–1)cosx]dx = (x–1)sinx + λ

 f(0) = f(1) = λ

Therefore, f’(x) = 0 for some x satisfying 0 < x < 1


Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem
 F(x) satisfies the same conditions as it did for Rolle’s
Theorem except third condition:

1. f(x) is continuous in closed interval [a,b]

2. f’(x) exists for every point in open interval (a,b)

3. f(a) ≠ f(b)

Then there exists at least one point x = c, such that c ϵ


(a,b), and f’(c) = [f(b)–f(a)]/(b–a)
LMVT
 Let us understand the meaning of f’(c) = [f(b)–f(a)]/(b–a)

 This term [f(b)–f(a)]/(b–a) denotes ∆y/∆x

 We can crudely say that ∆y/∆x is the average from a to b

Therefore, LMVT says that at some ‘c’, between a and b, the


instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t x is equal to the
average rate of change from a to b
Geometrical Interpretation
 mAB = [f(b)–f(a)]/(b–a) and at some point c ϵ (a,b),
f’(c) = mAB

 In this figure, dy/dx|c = mAB

i.e., Slope of tangent at c has the


same slope as line AB
Rolle’s and LMVT
 Rolle’s Theorem is a special case of LMVT

 In LMVT f’(c) = [f(b)–f(a)]/(b–a) when a≠b

 Consider the case when a = b:

F‘(c) = 0
 This gives us the Rolle’s Theorem
Example
 If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
such that:
 f(0) = 2, g(0) = 0, f(1) = 6, g(1) = 2

 Show that there exists c: 0 < c < 1 and f’(c) = 2g’(c)

LMVT: f’(c) = (6–2)/1 = 4 and g’(c) = (2–0)/1 = 2

 f‘(c) = 2g‘(c)
Example
 Prove that there exists no function f(x), such that f(0) = –1, f(2)
= 4 and f’(x) ≤ 2 for all x

If such a function exists, we can apply LMVT for 0 < c < 2

 f’(c) = [f(2)–f(0)]/(2–0)

 f‘(c) = 5/2

Since it is given that f’(x) ≤ 2, there is no f’(c) that is 5/2

Therefore, there is no such function


Example
 Suppose f(x) is differentiable for all x. If f’(x) ≤ 7 and f(2) = –4,
what is the maximum value of f(5) ?

Since f(x) is differentiable for all x, we can choose any two points
we like and apply LMVT

Let the points be 5 and 2: [f(5) – f(2)]/(5–2) = f’(c)

Since f‘(c) can have a maximum value of 7,

 [f(5) + 4]/3 ≤ 7

 f(5) ≤ 17
Example
 a, b are two numbers such that a > b, show that a real number c
can be found between a and b such that 3c2 = b2 + ab + a2

Let f’ be 3c2

 f = c3 + λ

So, let’s consider the function g(x) = x3, which is differentiable and
continuous

By LMVT: for some c ϵ (a,b), g’(x), i.e., 3c2 = (a3–b3)/(a–b)

 3c2 = a2+ab+b2
Example
 Use LMVT to prove that tanx > x for x ϵ (0,π/2)

Let us consider the function f(x) = tanx in [0,x]

 f’(c) = (tanx – 0)/(x–0)

 f’(c) = tanx/x

For f(x) = tanx, f’(c) = sec2c, which is > 1 for x ϵ (0,π/2)

Therefore, tanx/x > 1, i.e., tanx > x for x ϵ (0,π/2)


B

y=0 ac b
b
a

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