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Biomolecules

The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the structure, function, and examples of each type of biomolecule and explains how they are essential to keeping organisms alive.

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Francis Elijah Salvado
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48 views27 pages

Biomolecules

The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the structure, function, and examples of each type of biomolecule and explains how they are essential to keeping organisms alive.

Uploaded by

Francis Elijah Salvado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOMOLECULES

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…

Atoms  Molecules  Macromolecules…

Today we will dig into the four macromolecules


that are essential for life to exist.
What are the 4 biomolecules?
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD…


THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE!
THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.
#1: CARBOHYDRATES
ARE SUGARS!

We get 4 kilocalories per gram


of carb that we eat!
What are Carbohydrates?
Most common organic molecule
Function: Primary energy source our body
needs IMPORTANT!
Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)
Monomer (building block):
Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen,
Cellulose, Chitin)
Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits,
Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!)
Sugars that make up Carbs
Single sugar: monosaccharide
 Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)
2 monosaccharides: disaccharide
 Ex: maltose, sucrose
3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide
 Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin

I am a
polysaccharide!
Types of polysaccharides
Starch:
 Used for energy storage in plants
 Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches
 They provide a quick form of energy for the

body
I am
formed in

Glycogen:
the Liver!

• Used for energy storage in animals


More Polysaccharides
Cellulose:
• Provides structural
support in plants (found
in the cell wall)
GIVES US FIBER!!!
Chitin:
• Found in exoskeletens of
arthropods (insects,
spiders)
• Found in cell wall of
some fungi
Structure of Carbohydrates
• Remember: Elements are C, H, and O
• Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong.
#2: LIPIDS
ARE FATS

We get 9 kcals per gram


Of fat that we consume.
Lipids
Function: Store energy, Insulates
your body, and make up the cell
membrane!
Elements: C-H-O

Monomer (Building blocks):

glycerol & 3 fatty acids


Polymer: Phospholipids,

triglycerides
Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats,

Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part


of the cell membrane!
Lipids
Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do
not dissolve in water!
Important!
• Lipids can be:
• Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are
single bonds.
• Solid at room temperature
• Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)

• Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple


bond between carbons present.
• Liquid at room temperature
• Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as
oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
Lipid Structure
 Remember:
Elements
present are
C, H, O
 Long strands Saturated Fats
of Carbon
and
Hydrogen
Unsaturated Fats
CALLED
HYDROCARBONS!
Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong.
BIOMOLECULES PART 2
PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS!
#3: PROTEINS
BUILD US

We get 4 kcals per gram


Of protein that we consume.
Proteins
• Function of proteins
• Transport molecules in and out of the cell
• Control the speed of chemical reactions
• Used for growth and repair

Proteins make up the structure of living things…


Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!
Proteins NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
 Elements: C-H-O-N
 Monomer (Building Block):

amino acids (20 different


ones!)
 Polymer: proteins (tons)
 Examples of proteins:

hemoglobin in red blood


cells, albumin in eggs,
enzymes that control
reactions in the body, and
antibodies
 Found in: fish, eggs, meat
Protein Structure
 Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N
 “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino
Acids! (so, each amino acid has something
different in that spot)
Why are amino acids important?
• When groups of amino acids are joined
together a protein is formed
• There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH)
and an amino group NH2
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids
(polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
Take a minute to find the word that
does NOT belong.
#4: NUCLEIC ACIDS

These biomolecules are not


necessarily from food
Nucleic acids
Function:
• Provide our genetic information
• Holds the instructions to make proteins.
Elements: C-H-O-N-P
Monomer : nucleotides
• A nucleotide is made up of:
• Sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP
Energy
Genetic
carrier
code! Recipe for
proteins
Structure of Nucleic Acid
Take a minute to find the word
that does NOT belong.

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