11 quiz review.

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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION Maxmanroe.com

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Learning Outcomes
Students are able to use aggregate function
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Overview

Function Type and Syntax

• AVG and SUM

• MIN and MAX
• COUNT
• NVL
• GROUP BY
• HAVING
• NESTED FUNTION
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.1 Overview
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Overview
• Oftentimes, we're also interested in summarizing our data to determine trends or
produce top-level reports.
• Fortunately, SQL provides aggregate functions to assist with the summarization of
large volumes of data. In this three-segment article, we'll look at functions that
allow us to add and average data, count records meeting specific criteria and find
the largest and smallest values in a table.
• In computer science, an aggregate function is a function that returns a single value
from a collection of input values.
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Group Functions Syntax

SELECT [column,] group_function(column), ...
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column]
[ORDER BY column];
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.2 AVG and SUM Clause
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Using the AVG and SUM Functions

• You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.
SELECT AVG(salary), MAX(salary),
MIN(salary), SUM(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id LIKE '%REP%';

You can use AVG and SUM functions against columns that can store
numeric data.
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.3 MIN and MAX Clause
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Using the MIN and MAX Functions

• You can use MIN and MAX for any data type.
SELECT MIN(hire_date), MAX(hire_date)
FROM employees;

You can use the MAX and MIN functions for any data type.

SELECT MIN(last_name), MAX(last_name)

FROM employees;
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.4 COUNT Clause
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Using the COUNT Function

• Using the COUNT Function

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;
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Using the COUNT Function

• COUNT(expr) returns the number of rows with non-null values
for the expr.
• Display the number of department values in the EMPLOYEES
table, excluding the null values.
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;
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Using the COUNT Function

• COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of distinct non-
null values of the expr.
• Display the number of distinct department values in the
EMPLOYEES table.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT department_id)
FROM employees;
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.5 NVL Clause
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Group Functions and Null Values

• Group functions ignore null values in the column.

SELECT AVG(commission_pct)
FROM employees;
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Using the NVL Function with Group Functions

• The NVL function forces group functions to include null values.

SELECT AVG(NVL(commission_pct, 0))

FROM employees;
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.6 GROUP BY Clauses
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Creating Groups of Data

EMPLOYEES
4400

9500 The
average
3500
salary
in
EMPLOYEES
6400
table
for each
department.
10033

…
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GROUP BY Clauses
• GROUP BY is particularly useful when paired with aggregate
functions
• GROUP BY divides a table into subsets (by groups)
• An aggregate function can be used to provide summary information for that group.
• Scalar Aggregate
• A single value returned from an SQL query that includes an aggregate function.
• Vector Aggregate
• Multiple values returned from an SQL query that includes an aggregate function.
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Creating Groups of Data:

The GROUP BY Clause Syntax
SELECT column, group_function(column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ORDER BY column];

Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by

using the
GROUP BY clause.
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GROUP BY Clauses
• Count the number of customers with
addresses in each state to which we ship.

SELECT CustomerState, COUNT (CustomerState)

FROM Customer_T
GROUP BY CustomerState;
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Grouping by More Than One Column

EMPLOYEES

“Add up the
salaries in
the EMPLOYEES
table
for each job,
grouped by
department.
…
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Using the GROUP BY Clause

on Multiple Columns
SELECT department_id dept_id, job_id, SUM(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id, job_id ;
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Illegal Queries
Using Group Functions
• Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an
aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause.
SELECT
SELECT department_id,
department_id, COUNT(last_name)
COUNT(last_name)
FROM
FROM employees;
employees;

SELECT
SELECT department_id,
department_id, COUNT(last_name)
COUNT(last_name)
**
ERROR
ERROR at
at line
line 1:
1:
ORA-00937:
ORA-00937: not
not aa single-group
single-group group
group function
function

Column missing in the GROUP BY clause

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Illegal Queries
Using Group Functions
• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.
• You cannot use group functions in the WHERE clause.
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Illegal Queries
Using Group Functions
SELECT
SELECT department_id,
department_id, AVG(salary)
AVG(salary)
FROM
FROM employees
employees
WHERE
WHERE AVG(salary)
AVG(salary) >> 8000
8000
GROUP
GROUP BY
BY department_id;
department_id;
WHERE
WHERE AVG(salary)
AVG(salary) >> 8000
8000
**
ERROR
ERROR at
at line
line 3:
3:
ORA-00934:
ORA-00934: group
group function
function is
is not
not allowed
allowed here
here
Cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.7 HAVING Clause
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Excluding Group Results

EMPLOYEES

The maximum
salary
per department
when it is
greater than
$10,000
…
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HAVING Clauses
• The HAVING clause acts like a WHERE clause, but it identifies
groups, rather than rows, that meet a criterion.
• Therefore, you will usually see a HAVING clause following a
GROUP BY clause.
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HAVING Clause Syntax

SELECT column, group_function

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];
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HAVING Clauses
• Find only states with more than one
customer.

SELECT CustomerState, COUNT (CustomerState)

FROM Customer_T
GROUP BY CustomerState
HAVING COUNT (CustomerState) > 1;
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HAVING Clauses
SELECT job_id, SUM(salary) PAYROLL
FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT LIKE '%REP%'
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING SUM(salary) > 13000
ORDER BY SUM(salary);
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

AGGREGAT
E
FUNCTION
Part 1.8 Nested Function
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Nesting Group Functions

• Display the maximum average salary.

SELECT MAX(AVG(salary))
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
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CT12F3 DATABASE MODELLING AND

IMPLEMENTATION

PROCESSIN
G SINGLE
TABLE
Part 1.9 Example of Basic Queries
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Example of Basic Queries-5

• List, in alphabetical order, the product finish and the average Product_T
standard price for each finish having an average standard ProductID
price less than $750. ProductDescription
ProductFinish
ProductStandardPrice
ProductCost
ProductPriorYearGoal
ProductCurrentYearGoal
ProductLineID
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Example of Basic Queries-5

• List, in alphabetical order, the product finish and the average Product_T
standard price for each finish having an average standard ProductID
price less than $750. ProductDescription
ProductFinish
• order by ProductFinish ProductStandardPrice
• group by ProductFinish  avg (ProductStandardPrice) ProductCost
• having avg (ProductStandardPrice) < 750 ProductPriorYearGoal
ProductCurrentYearGoal
ProductLineID
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Example of Basic Queries-5

• List, in alphabetical order, the product finish and the average Product_T
standard price for each finish having an average standard ProductID
price less than 750. ProductDescription
ProductFinish
ProductStandardPrice
ProductCost
SELECT ProductFinish, AVG (ProductStandardPrice) ProductPriorYearGoal
FROM Product_T ProductCurrentYearGoal
GROUP BY ProductFinish ProductLineID
HAVING AVG (ProductStandardPrice) < 750
ORDER BY ProductFinish;
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References
Hoffer, Jeffrey A., et.al., "Modern Database Management", Twelfth
Edition, Pearson, 2016. Chapter 6.

Recommended Link:
https://www.sqltutorial.org/
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THANK
YOU