Lecture 3

Chapter 2:
Data Warehousing- OLAP
Logical Data Model
 Logical data design includes identification of all
data elements, the structures in which they are
connected.
 Data elements
 Data structures
 Requirement gathering, and more specifically,
information packages lead to the logical data
design.

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The Multidimensional Model
 Multidimensional Model is a logical model and has one
purpose which is Data analysis
 Most popular data model for DW
 Data is divided into facts (with measures) and dimensions
 Facts
 are the important entity, e.g., a sale
 have measures that can be aggregated, e.g., sales price
 Dimensions
 describe fact
 e.g., a sale has the dimensions Product, Store and Time

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The Multidimensional Model
 Goal for dimensional modeling:
■ Surround facts with as much context/dimensions as
possible (redundancy may be ok in well-chosen places)
■ But you should not try to model all relationships in the
data (unlike ER and OO modeling!)
 Facts (data) “live" in a multidimensional cube

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3-D Cube

Fact table view: Multi-dimensional cube:

sale prodId storeId date amt
p1 c1 1 12
p2 c1 1 11 c1 c2 c3
p1 c3 1 50
day 2
p1 44 4
p2 c2 1 8 p2 c1 c2 c3
p1 c1 2 44 day 1
p1 12 50
p1 c2 2 4 p2 11 8

dimensions = 3

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Representation of Data in DW
 Star schema
 The most commonly used and the simplest style of
dimensional modeling
 Contain a fact table surrounded by and connected to
several dimension tables
 Snowflake schema
 A refinement of star schema where some dimensional
hierarchy is normalized into a set of smaller dimension
tables, forming a shape similar to snowflake
 Fact constellations
 Multiple fact tables share dimension tables, viewed as a collection
of stars, therefore called galaxy schema or fact constellation
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 Star versus Snowflake Schema
Star Schema Snowflake Schema
Dimension Dimension Dimension Dimension
TIME PRODUCT MONTH BRAND
Quarter Brand M_Name Brand
... ... ... Dimension Dimension ...
DATE PRODUCT
Date LineItem
Fact Table
SALES Dimension ... ... Dimension
QUARTER CATEGORY
UnitsSold
Q_Name Category
... Fact Table
... SALES ...
UnitsSold
Dimension Dimension
PEOPLE GEOGRAPHY ...
Division Country
... ... Dimension Dimension
PEOPLE STORE
Division LocID
... ... Dimension
LOCATION
State
...

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Fact Constellation Schema
Dimension
table
Dimension Dimension
table table

Fact table

Fact table
Dimension Dimension
table table

Fact table

Dimension
Dimension table
Dimension
table
table

CSE601 8
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Analysis of Data in DW
 OLTP vs. OLAP…

 OLTP (online transaction processing)

 Capturing and storing data from ERP, CRM, POS, …
 The main focus is on efficiency of routine tasks

 OLAP (Online analytical processing)

 Converting data into information for decision support
 Enables users to easily and selectively extract and view
data from different points of view
 Requesting ad hoc reports
 Conducting statistical and other analyses

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OLAP vs. OLTP

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OLAP vs. OLTP

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OLAP Operations
 Slice - performs a selection on one dimension of
the given cube
 Dice - performs a selection on two or more
dimensions
 Drill Down - get more details
 e.g., given summarized sales by region, find breakup of
sales by city within each region.
 Roll Up - summarize data
 e.g., given sales data, summarize sales for last year by
product category and region
 Pivot - change the view of data
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Variations of OLAP
 Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP)
OLAP implemented via a specialized
multidimensional database (or data store) that
summarizes transactions into multidimensional
views ahead of time
 Relational OLAP (ROLAP)
OLAP implemented with a relational database.
 Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
OLAP implemented with a hybrid of multi
dimensional and relational database technologies.
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