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EEE 520 ELECTRONIC COUNTER Lecture Note 2023

The document discusses different types of electronic counters including synchronous counters, asynchronous counters, and up/down counters. It describes their basic workings and provides examples of applications such as frequency dividers, clocks, and devices that require timekeeping functions.

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38 views16 pages

EEE 520 ELECTRONIC COUNTER Lecture Note 2023

The document discusses different types of electronic counters including synchronous counters, asynchronous counters, and up/down counters. It describes their basic workings and provides examples of applications such as frequency dividers, clocks, and devices that require timekeeping functions.

Uploaded by

ireoluwa.akinkurolere
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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ELECTRONIC COUNTERS AND

THEIR APPLICATIONS
OUTLINES

 Introduction
 Synchronous counter
 Asynchronous counter
 Up/down counters
 Difference between Synchronous counter and
Asynchronous counter
 Applications of Asynchronous Counters and
synchronous Counters
• Electronic counters are widely used in digital electronics to
record the number of times an event has occurred. They can
store or output the numbers they have recorded. Counters are
also referred to as timers.
• Aside from counting, counters are also used for measuring
frequency and time. Counters are now being used in a lot of
applications such as frequency counters, digital clocks,
analog-to-digital converters, frequency divider circuits and
electronic device timers.
• Counters are mainly used in counting applications, where they
either measure the time interval between two unknown time
instants or measure the frequency of a given signal.
• We can also find these inside the electronic devices we use at
home. Microwave ovens and washing machines use counters
to keep track of the time elapsed. Counters are also used in
counting people entering and leaving a stadium or an
auditorium.
TYPES OF COUNTERS
There are different types of counters for different applications.
The two most common types are:
(A) Synchronous counters
(B) Asynchronous counters.
SYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS
Synchronous counters are counters that use clock signal to change
their transition. This means that synchronous counters depend on
clock input to change state values. Flip flops, which are electronic
circuits used to store binary data, in synchronous counters are
triggered by the same clock signal. They are very simple in design.
All the flip flops are interconnected and driven by the same clock
signal.
Unlike the asynchronous counter, the synchronous counter has one
global clock which drives each flip flop. An advantage of
synchronous counters over asynchronous counters is that it can
operate on a higher frequency as it does not have cumulative delay
from the clock.
ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER
• Asynchronous counter is a cascaded arrangement of flip-flops
where the output of one flip-flop drives the clock input of
another flip-flop.
• The number of flip-flops in the cascaded arrangement depends
upon the number of different logic states that it goes through
before it repeats the sequence.
• In an asynchronous counter, the clock input is applied only to
the first flip-flop, in the cascaded arrangement. The clock
input to any subsequent flip-flop comes from the output of its
immediately preceding flip-flop. For example, the output of
the first flip-flop acts as the clock input to the second flip-flop,
the output of the second flip-flop feeds the clock input of the
third flip-flop and so on.
• For an arrangement of n flip-flop, the clock input to the nth flip-flop
comes from the output of the (n−1)th flip-flop as shown in figure 1

Figure 1: Generalized block schematic of n-bit binary asynchronous counter.

• In this case, not all the flip-flop changes state at the same time because
the input of the second flip-flop depend on the output of the first flip-
flop.
How counters work

For synchronous counters, the clock input across all the


flip flops use the same source and create the same clock
signal at the same time. A 4-bit synchronous up counter
can count from 0 and increments or counts upwards to
15 and then start a new counting cycle after getting
reset. There is no propagation delay in this counter. The
clock triggers all the counters at the same time.
Some of the applications for synchronous counters
include digital watch, digital clock, alarm systems,
pulse generators, machine motion control etc.
• For asynchronous counters, the count depends on
clock signal, changing state bits are provided as the
clock signal to the subsequent flip flops. The flip flops
are serially connected together.
• Some of the applications for asynchronous counters
include low noise emission and low power
applications, frequency dividers etc.
• A 4 bit asynchronous UP counter with D flip
flop is shown in above diagram. It is capable
of counting numbers from 0 to 15. The clock
inputs of all flip flops are cascaded and the
D input (DATA input) of each flip flop is
connected to a state output of the flip flop.
• That means the flip flops will toggle at each
active edge or positive edge of the clock
signal. The clock input is connected to first
flip flop. The output of the first flip flop will
change, when the positive edge on clock
signal occurs.
A 4 bit asynchronous UP • The rising edge of the Q output of each flip
counter with D flip flop flop triggers the clock input of its next flip
flop. It triggers the next clock frequency to
half of its applied input. The Q outputs of
every individual flip flop (Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3)
represents the count of the 4 bit UP
counter.
4 bit asynchronous DOWN counter is shown in
above diagram. It is simple modification of the UP
counter. 4 bit DOWN counter will count numbers
from 15 to 0, downwards. The clock inputs of all
flip flops are cascaded and the D input (DATA
input) of each flip flop is connected to logic 1.
That means the flip flops will toggle at each active
edge (positive edge) of the clock signal. The clock
input is connected to first flip flop. The other flip
flops in counter receive the clock signal input from
Q output of previous flip flop. The output of the
first flip flop will change, when the positive edge
Asynchronous of clock signal occurs. The input clock will cause
4-bit DOWN
the change in output (count) of the next flip-flop.
counter
The operation of down counter is exactly opposite
to the up counter operation. Here every clock pulse
at the input will reduce the count of the individual
flip flop. So the down counter counts from 15, 14,
13…0.
UP/DOWN COUNTERS

• Counters are also available in integrated circuit form as UP/DOWN


counters, which can be made to operate as either UP or DOWN
counters.
• An UP counter is one that counts upwards or in the forward direction
by one LSB every time it is clocked.
• A four-bit binary UP counter will count as 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011,
0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110,
1111, 0000, 0001, and so on.
• A DOWN counter counts in the reverse direction or downwards by
one LSB every time it is clocked. The four-bit binary DOWN counter
will count as 0000, 1111, 1110, 1101, 1100, 1011, 1010, 1001, 1000,
0111, 0110, 0101, 0100, 0011, 0010, 0001, 0000, 1111, and so on.
Difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Counters
Based on the connections and the clock applied to the flip-flops there are certain differences
between Synchronous and Asynchronous counters.

S/N SYNCHRONOUS ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS


COUNTERS
1 The clock is simultaneously The clock is not simultaneous for all the
provided for all the flip-flops. flip-flops in the circuit.

2 The arrangement of the flip-flops In this counter, the main clock is applied
in this counter is driven by the to the first flip-flop. Whereas the other
same clock. flip-flops are provided with the clock
from the output of previous stage flip-
flops.

3 In this counter, as the number of To the more number of states, the design
states is increasing the design of this counter is simple to implement.
tends to become complex.

4 The propagation delay will be The propagation delay is more as the


less in comparison to the counters are not in sync.
asynchronous counters because
of the sync among the flip-flops.
Applications of Asynchronous Counters

• Asynchronous counters are used as frequency dividers, as divide by N


counters.
• These are used for low power applications and low noise emission.
• These are used in designing asynchronous decade counter.
Applications of Synchronous Counters

• Synchronous counters perform “counting” such as time and electronic


pulses . They are widely used in lots of designs such as processors,
calculators, real time clock etc. Some common application of synchronous
counters are follows:

• i. Alarm Clock, Set AC Timer, Set time in camera to take the picture,
flashing light indicator in automobiles, car parking control etc.
• ii. Counting the time allotted for special process or event by the scheduler.
• iii. Commonly used in home appliances like washing machine, microwave
oven, Time schedule led indicator etc.

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