FRAMEWORKS &

ARCHITECTURES
ACTORS AND
STAKEHOLDERS
FIRST WE HAVE PERSONS, (C)- (POTENTIAL) CONSUMERS OR
CITIZENS, ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT, WHICH IS
TO BE CONSIDERED.

SECONDLY WE HAVE BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS, (B) -

PRODUCERS
AND SUPPLIERS, TRADE ORGANISATIONS OR MERCHANTS,
BANKS, INSURANCE COMPANIES OR OTHER FINANCIAL
SERVICE PROVIDERS, LOGISTICS & TRANSPORTATION FIRMS
OR FORWARDING AGENCIES AND LAST BUT NOT
LEAST SEVERAL INTERMEDIARIES.

THIRDLY WE HAVE GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, (G OR A)

- A ( ADMINISTRATION) AND G (GOVERNMENT) CATEGORY
INCLUDES LOCAL AUTHORITIES, E.G.
ON TOWN LEVEL OR ON COUNTY LEVEL, NATIONAL
AUTHORITIES, E.G. ON STATE LEVEL OR ON FEDERATION
LEVEL (UNITED STATES OF...), AND INTERNATIONAL
AUTHORITIES LIKE EUROPEAN UNION, UNITED NATIONS,
ETC.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS LIKE
POLITICAL PARTIES, MEDIA OUTLETS, NGOS,
CHURCHES, AND SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS
INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER.

ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFIC NATURE OF THE

INTERACTING PARTNERS WE TALK ABOUT “X2Y
BUSINESS” where X and Y belong to the above-mentioned
categories. We only talk about X2Y business if there is an
interchange of goods or services and money. The supplier
provides goods or services, the customer, be it a consumer or
another business, has to forward an appropriate amount of money
to the supplier. This is done on the base of a contract (be it a
written or an oral contract).
THERE ARE TYPICALLY MENTIONED RELATIONSHIPS:
• C2C: “Consumer to Consumer”,
• B2C: “Business to Consumer”
• B2B: “Business to Business”
•G2C: “Government to Citizen”, part of E-Government
• G2B: “Government to Business”, part of E-Government
• G2G: “Government to Government”,
HOWEVER THIS IS A SOMEHOW ARTIFICIAL PATTERN.
DOING BUSINESS CAN BE MAINLY CONSIDERED VIA
two questions:

• Who is the initiator or driver of the business transaction?

• WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE TRANSACTION?

FUNDAMENTAL
SALES PROCESS
PRIMARY
PROCESS

SECONDARY
PROCESS
PRIMARY PROCESS
 PRIMARY PROCESS

INFORMATION
О SEARCH FOR PRODUCTS AND
SERVICES: BY THE CUSTOMER,
о Search for potential suppliers: by the customer,
о Search for potential customers: by the supplier,
о Communicate an offering: by the supplier,
о Communicate a need: by the customer,
 PRIMARY PROCESS

INITIATION
о Get into contact: either by the customer or by
the supplier,
о Request for delivery or service: by the
customer,
о Offer for delivery or service: by the supplier,
о Assess supplier: by the customer,
о Assess customer: by the supplier,
 PRIMARY PROCESS

CONTRACT CONCLUSION
о Negotiate offer: by supplier and customer,
о Negotiate contract: by supplier and customer,
о Place order: by the customer,
о Confirm order: by the supplier,
 PRIMARY PROCESS

DELIVERY/FULFILMENT
о Proceeding for physical goods:
- Pack goods: by the supplier,
- Load goods: by the supplier,
- Ship goods: by the shipping agent,
- Unload goods: by the shipping agent,
- Unpack goods: by the customer or the shipping
agent or a specific service provider,
 PRIMARY PROCESS

BILLING/INVOICING
о Generate invoice: by the supplier,
о Generate attachments to invoice (e.g. protocol of
service fulfilment, protocol of
final customer’s approval, certificates, etc.): by the
supplier,
о Forward invoice to customer (via the Web or via
postal services): by the supplier,
 PRIMARY PROCESS

PAYMENT
о Get money from the customer: by the supplier or
a financial services provider,
 PRIMARY PROCESS

SERVICE/SUPPORT
о Provide additional information for the customer : by
the supplier,
о Conduct customer support : by the
supplier,
о Manage complaints: by the supplier,
о Repair: by the supplier or a specific service
provider,
о Manage returns : by the supplier in cooperation with
the customer,
о Conduct maintenance: by the supplier or a specific
service provider.
 PRIMARY PROCESS

SERVICE/SUPPORT
о Provide additional information for the customer : by
the supplier,
о Conduct customer support : by the
supplier,
о Manage complaints: by the supplier,
о Repair: by the supplier or a specific service
provider,
о Manage returns : by the supplier in cooperation with
the customer,
о Conduct maintenance: by the supplier or a specific
service provider.
SECONDARY
PROCESS
• Internal process control,
• Communication to the customer:
о Tracking & tracing: by the supplier or the
shipping agent,
о Inform about order processing status: by the
supplier,
о Announce delivery time: by the supplier or
the shipping agent.
TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS

Technology is a major enabler of E-Commerce as we consider

it here. Globally accepted technological standards have been
and still are a prerequisite and a driver of global electronic
business
 TCP/IP
Stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol. This twin protocol
describes the transportation of data in the
Internet and was introduced in 1978 by the
USA-DoD (Department of Defence) as a
standard for heterogeneous networks.
it of body text
 LAYER 1: LOCAL
NETWORK/NETWORK ACCESS

• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface),

• Token Ring, which also has a ring structure, in which the token
possession grants the possessor permission to transmit on the
medium, is an advancement of FDDI and is defined by the
standard IEEE 802.5
• Ethernet, which has the widest propagation now, actually is the
primary technology and provides transmission rates up to 10
Gigabit/sec
 LAYER 2: INTERNET (IP)

• IPV4
(Internet Protocol version 4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the core
protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet, and the first version was
deployed in 1981.

• IPV6
(Internet Protocol version 6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the
communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for
computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
 LAYER 3: HOST-TO-HOST (TCP)
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol for providing reliable data transport
service between two computers (hosts) over Internet. It accepts data from a data stream, divides it into
chunks, and adds a TCP header creating a TCP segment.

HTTP (HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL)

HTTP functions as a request-response protocol in the client-server computing model. A Web browser,
for example, may be the client and an application running on a computer hosting a website may be
the server.
 FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
FTP is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files from one host
to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet.

SMTP (SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL)

SMTP is an Internet standard for electronic mail transmission. First defined by RFC 821 in 1982, it was last
updated in 2008 with the Extended SMTP additions by RFC 5321, which is the protocol in widespread use
today.

WWW (WORLD WIDE WEB)

WWW is an open source information space where documents and other Web resources
are identified by URLs (URL = Uniform Resource Locator), interlinked by hypertext
links, and can be accessed via the Internet. It has become known simply as “the Web”.
WWW is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet.
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
GSM/EDGE
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is a
standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to
describe protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile
phones.

UMTS
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System) was developed in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP). It is a mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard and provides transmission
rates up to 384 kbit/sec, with HSDPA up to 14,4 Mbit/sec.
 HTML (HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE)
HTML 5 is a markup language. used for structuring and presenting content on the World
Wide Web. It was finalized, and published, on 28 October 2014 by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C). This is the fifth revision of the HTML standard.

XML (EXTENDED MARKUP LANGUAGE)

XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both
human-readable and machine-readable. It was developed by W3C; the complete standard is available at
www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.
 TWO CATEGORIES OF XML DATABASES ARE
AVAILABLE:
• XML ENABLED DATA BASES:
These may either map XML to traditional database structures (such as a relational database),
accepting XML as input and rendering XML as output, or more recently support native
XML types within the traditional database.

• NATIVE XML DATA BASES:

The internal model of such databases depends on XML and uses XML documents as the
fundamental unit of storage, which are, however, not necessarily stored in the form of
text files.
PORTAL
A portal is a digital gateway or interface that connects users to a variety of
information, services, or resources in a centralized location. It serves as a
convenient access point for users to navigate through different functionalities,
such as accessing documents, submitting forms, communicating with others, or
conducting transactions.

THERE 2 CATEGORIES OF PORTAL

A Web portal - is like a virtual doorway to a wide range of online resources and services.
web portal serves as an entry point to different places, a web portal provides users with
access to various websites, applications, tools, and information, all in one centralized location
on the internet. It's like a customized homepage where users can find everything they need,
from news updates and email services to social media networks and productivity tools,
making it convenient to navigate and interact with online content.
TWO KINDS OF WEB PORTAL
HORIZONTAL PORTAL
A horizontal portal is like a big shopping mall where you can find a wide variety of products
and services from different brands and industries all in one place. It's not specialized in one
specific area like fashion or electronics; instead, it offers everything from clothing and gadgets
to groceries and home goods. it lets you browse and buy various items online without having to
visit multiple websites. Examples include Amazon and eBay, where you can find almost
anything you're looking for in one convenient spot.

TWO KINDS OF WEB PORTAL

VERTICAL PORTAL
A vertical portal is more like a specialty boutique within that big shopping mall. Instead
of offering a wide range of products and services, a vertical portal focuses on a specific
niche or industry, catering to a particular audience with specialized needs or interests.
For example, is Houzz. Houzz is a platform specifically dedicated to home remodeling and
interior design. It offers a range of products and services related to home improvement,
including furniture, decor, appliances, and professional services such as interior designers and
contractors. Users can explore ideas, browse products, and connect with professionals all within
the niche of home design and renovation. Houzz caters to a specific audience interested in
enhancing their homes, providing a focused and specialized shopping experience.

ENTERPRISE PORTAL
An enterprise portal is a centralized platform used within organizations to provide
employees, customers, partners, and other stakeholders with access to various internal
and external resources, applications, and services. It serves as a gateway to streamline
communication, collaboration, and information sharing across different departments
and functions within the enterprise.
 An example of an enterprise portal is Microsoft SharePoint. enables employees to access
important information, collaborate on projects, and coordinate workflows within a secure and
centralized environment. It's widely used by businesses of all sizes to enhance productivity and
streamline operations across various departments and teams.

TECHNICAL ELEMENTS OF A PORTAL

use of web browsers and web servers on the basis of HTTP And HTML
Integration of business objects

Access to data via ODBC or JDBC

CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS)

A content management system (CMS) is a software application or platform that enables users to create, manage, and
publish digital content on the internet without needing advanced technical skills. CMSs provide a user-friendly interfac
for content creation, editing, organization, and publishing, allowing individuals and organizations to easily create and
maintain websites, blogs, and other online platforms.
MAIN AREAS OF FUNCTIONALITY
Content Management Application -
A Content Management System (CMS) is a software application or set of related programs that are used to create
and manage digital content. It allows users to create, edit, organize, and publish content such as text, images,
videos, and documents on a website without needing to have specialized technical knowledge. Examples of CMS
platforms include WordPress, Joomla, Drupal, and many others.
Content Delivery Application -
A Content Delivery Application is software or a system designed to efficiently deliver digital content, such as web
pages, images, videos, or other media, to end-users over the internet.
Add a little bit of body text

WEB APPLICATION SERVER

A web application server is software responsible for hosting and
managing web applications. It provides an environment where web
applications can run, handling requests from clients and executing code
to generate dynamic content.
REQUIREMENTS TO A WEB APPLICATION SERVER

JAVA EE
Java EE stands for Java Enterprise Edition. It's a set of specifications, APIs, and
technologies that provide a platform for developing and running enterprise-class,
scalable, and reliable applications in Java.

Net (DOT NET)

NET is a software development framework developed by Microsoft. It provides a
controlled programming en
 MIDDLEWARE
• CONNECTS HARDWARE AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE, EVOLVING WITH TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENTS. IT REPLACES HARDWARE FUNCTIONALITY WITH STANDARDIZED, LOW-COST
COMPONENTS, BECOMING A TREND.

• CORBA IS A STANDARD BY THE OBJECT MANAGEMENT GROUP (OMG) THAT FACILITATES SOFTWARE
SYSTEM COMMUNICATION ACROSS DIVERSE PLATFORMS. IT REQUIRES AN OBJECT REQUEST BROKER
FOR APPLICATION INTERACTION. JAVA NATIVE INTERFACE (JNI) IS AN ALTERNATIVE, ALLOWING JAVA
CODE TO BE CALLED BY NATIVE APPLICATIONS AND LIBRARIES IN OTHER LANGUAGES, BUT LOSING
PLATFORM PORTABILITY.

• A RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEM IS COMMONLY UTILIZED IN BUSINESS

ENVIRONMENTS TO EFFICIENTLY STORE AND PROCESS STRUCTURED DATA
FOUND IN TYPICAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS. LDAP IS AN INDUSTRY
STANDARD PROTOCOL FOR ACCESSING AND MAINTAINING DISTRIBUTED
DIRECTORY INFORMATION SERVICES OVER AN IP NETWORK, DOCUMENTED
IN RFC 4510 AND 4511. IT IS BASED ON X.500 STANDARDS AND IS SOMETIMES
CALLED X.500-LITE.
MIDDLEWARE
X.500 IS A COMPUTER WSDL 2.0 (2007) IS AN SOAP is a protocol
NETWORKING XML-BASED specification for Web
STANDARD FOR INTERFACE services implementation,
ELECTRONIC DEFINITION utilizing XML Information
DIRECTORY SERVICES, LANGUAGE Set for message format and
DEVELOPED TO DEVELOPED BY W3C, relying on HTTP or SMTP
SUPPORT X.400 EMAIL USED TO DESCRIBE for message negotiation
EXCHANGE AND NAME WEB SERVICE and transmission.
LOOKUP, BUT TOO FUNCTIONALITY AS
COMPLEX FOR COLLECTIONS OF
DESKTOPS AND THE NETWORK ENDPOINTS
INTERNET. OR PORTS. IT IS OFTEN
USED IN
COMBINATION WITH
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

SUPPLIER BACK CUSTOMER

ORIENTED OFFICE ORIENTED
• PROCUREMENT • ENTERPRISE • ONLINE SHOP
PLATFORM • Customer
RESOURCE
• Supply chain relationship
PLANNING
management management
• Supplier
relationship
management

• MARKETPLACE
THANK YOU!
GROUP 1: FRAMEWORKS AND ARCHITECTURES
AÑONUEVO, PRINCESS A.
BAJO, JUDY ANN
CLAMOHOY, RASEL
CASAUL, JOEY
TABANIAG, AERRON