PLUMBING

FIXTURES
1
OBJECTIVES:
When you have completed this session,
you will be able to do the following:
1. Describe the different types of plumbing
fixtures.
2. Know the materials and specifications of
the different types of plumbing fixtures.
3. Know the minimum clearance of
different type of fixtures
4. Know the minimum sizes of water line
supply of different fixtures
5. Know how to compute fixture units
(DFU and WSFU).

2
PLUMBING
SYSTEMS:
“All potable water building supply and
distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures
and traps, all drainage and vent pipe(s),
and all building drains and building
sewers, including their respective joints
and connection devices, receptors, and
appurtenances within the property lines
of the premises and shall include
potable water piping, potable water
treating or using equipment, medical
gas and medical vacuum systems, fuel
gas piping, water heaters and vents for
same”

3
PLUMBING
ENGINEER:
“Plumbing Engineers are
responsible for systems that serve
all types of buildings, including
commercial, residential, and
institutional buildings, such as
hospitals, laboratories, industrial
plants, jails, schools, shopping
centers, housing developments,
power plants, research centers,
and sports complexes”

4
 WHAT ARE
PLUMBING
FIXTURES?
Plumbing Fixtures are
approved-type installed receptacles,
devices or appliances supplied with
water or liquid-borne wastes &
discharge such wastes into the
drainage system to which they may
be directly or indirectly connected.
Industrial or commercial tanks, vats
& similar processing equipment are
not plumbing fixtures, but may be
connected to or discharge into
approved traps or plumbing fixtures From HCG
as approved for in this Code.
(Sec. 217.10 NPC 1999)
5
 “The type, quantity, and
arrangement of plumbing fixtures
is usually the prerogative of the
Architect, but the Engineer must
evaluate and advise the Architect as
FIXTUR to type and arrangement and,
particularly, space requirements.
E The type and quantity of fixtures to
be installed in a building is
SELECT predicated upon the number of
ION people served and the type of
building occupancy. Separate
facilities must be provided for male
and female personnel and these
facilities must be within easy
access from any floor of the
building”
6
 When evaluating fixtures, the following
characteristics should be carefully
checked:
1. Strength
QUALIT 2. Durability
Y OF 3. Corrosion resistance ( acid
FIXTUR resisting)
ES 4. Abrasion resistance
5. Absence of defects
6. Adequate performance for the
service intended.
7. Concealed fouling surfaces.
7
 Plumbing Fixtures, put in simpler term, are
receptacles or receivers attached to the
WHAT plumbing system other than a trap in which
water or waste may be collected or retained for
ARE ultimate discharge into the plumbing treatment
facility and point of discharge. Their
THE common types are:
COMMO 1. Water Closet

N TYPES 2. Urinals

OF 3. Lavatories

PLUMBI 4. Sinks

NG 5. Service sinks
6. Bathtubs
FIXTUR 7. Showers
ES? 8. Drinking Fountains
9. Bidets 8
 WHAT IS A
WATER CLOSET
& WHAT ARE
ITS TYPES?
Water Closet is a plumbing
fixture used to receive human
excrement & to discharge it
through a waste pipe, using water
as a conveying medium.
Water Closets are classified
according to:
1. Design
2. Make
3. Flushing Mechanism
Used
4. Shape
5. Installation
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF
WATER CLOSET AS TO DESIGN?
1. SIPHON WASHDOWN
2. SIPHON JET
3. SIPHON VORTEX
4. REVERSE TRAP

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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF WATER
CLOSET AS TO DESIGN?
1. Siphon Washdown 2. Siphon Jet

It is the least expensive but The jet being submerged,

the noisiest; Only small introduces water underwater so
amount of standing water, that its operation is entirely
susceptible to fouling, muffled. It has a large amount of
staining & contamination standing water to prevent fouling
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3. Siphon Vortex 4. Reverse Trap

This type of bowl develops its The trap way located at the rear
flushing action through the eliminated the bulge at the front.
water entering the diagonal The design of the bowl plus its
holes around the rim which large water area & quietness in
creates a swirling action which operation, makes it desirable
forms a vortex in the center. than the siphon washdown.

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WHAT ARE THE
TYPE OF WATER
CLOSETS AS TO
MAKE?
1. ONE-PIECE
2. CLOSE COUPLED
3. PAIL FLUSH
4. SQUAT BOWL

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ONE-PIECE WATER CLOSET:
The water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl &
the flush tank molded into a single unit.

From HCG

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CLOSE COUPLED WATER CLOSET:
A water closet wherein the flush tank is separate but is attached to the toilet
bowl. It is a two-piece model.

From HCG

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PAIL FLUSH WATER CLOSET:
A water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. Flushing action
is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket. This is used in
areas where running water system is not available.

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SQUAT BOWL WATER CLOSET:
A water closet that is other wise known as “eastern type” water
closet since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a
sitting position.

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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF WATER CLOSETS AS TO
FLUSHING MECHANISM USED?
1. FLUSH TANK
2. FLUSHOMETER VALVE

Flush Tank- Holds a supply of water for flushing the water closet.
It flushes 3 to 6 liters.

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FLUSH VALVE:
is a valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing
purposes. It is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a
flush tank. It requires a flow pressure of 69 to 138 kPa (10 to 20 psi)

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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF WATER CLOSETS
AS TO SHAPE?
1. ROUND FRONT
2. ELONGATED FRONT

Round Front Elongated Front is

WC is intended more comfortable
for installation but occupies a
on a limited larger space.
space. Water closet bowls
for public use shall
be the elongated
type.

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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF WATER CLOSET
AS TO INSTALLATION?
1. FREE STANDING OR FLOOR MOUNTED
2. WALL HUNG OR WALL MOUNTED

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WHAT ARE THE MINIMUM
CLEARANCES & ROUGHING-INS FOR
WATER CLOSETS?
Clearances are
minimum distances
of fixtures for
human safety and
comfort.

Roughing-in is the
installation of all
piping & fitting parts
of the plumbing
system, which can
be completed prior
to the installation of
fixtures and
accessories.

22
WHAT IS A LAVATORY? WHAT ARE
ITS TYPES?

A Lavatory is a fixture designed for the washing of the

hands or face. It is also known as a Wash Basin.
The 4 types of Lavatory are:
1. Wall Hung Lavatory
2. Pedestal Lavatory
3. Counter Type Lavatory
a. Overcounter or Counter top
b. Undercounter
4. One-piece Lavatory
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WALL HUNG PEDESTAL LAVATORY:
LAVATORY:

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COUNTER TYPE LAVATORY:

Overcounter Lavatory Undercounter Lavatory

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ONE-PIECE LAVATORY:

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WHAT ARE THE MINIMUM
CLEARANCES & ROUGHING-INS FOR
LAVATORIES?

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28
WHAT IS A BATHTUB?

A Bathtub is a tub for bathing, usually a

fixed plumbing installation designed for 1
person. It is available in left outlet and right
outlet

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WHAT IS A SHOWER BATH?

A Shower Bath is an apparatus for spraying water on the body,

usually from above. Drain is through the shower bath floor drain.

Shower Pan
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 WHAT IS A KITCHEN SINK?

A Kitchen Sink is a plumbing fixture consisting of a basin with

a water supply, connected with a drain & used for dishwashing.

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WHAT IS A BIDET?

A Bidet is a plumbing fixture used for

washing the middle part of the body,
especially the genitals. It is also
known as Sitz Bath.

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BIDET IS USED IN TANDEM WITH THE ONE-PIECE
WATER CLOSET OR IN INTEGRATED WITH THE
CLOSE COUPLED WATER CLOSET:

WASHLET

33
WHAT IS A URINAL? WHAT ARE THE
TYPES OF URINAL?

A Urinal is a plumbing fixture equipped with a

water supply and drain for flushing away urine.
The types of Urinals are:
1. Wall Hung Urinal
2. Pedestal Urinal
3. Stall Urinal
4. Trough Urinal

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WALL HUNG URINAL:

35
Stall Urinal

36
URINAL TYPES, CLEARANCES AND ROUGHING-INS:

37
WHAT ARE OTHER TYPES OF
PLUMBING FIXTURES?

Slop Sink – A deep sink, set low &

used by janitors for emptying pails
of dirty water & mop cleaning.

Laundry Tub – A deep wide sink

used for washing clothes.
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SCRUB
SINK: DRINKING FOUNTAIN:

A Scrub Sink is a
plumbing fixture
usually located in the
O.R. in a hospital to
enable personnel to
scrub their hands
prior to a surgical
procedure. The Hot
& Cold water supply
is activated by a A Drinking Fountain is a
knee – action mixing plumbing fixture consisting
valve or by wrist or of a shallow basin, together
pedal control or by with a water jet, designed
automatic sensors. to provide potable water for
human consumption.

39
WHAT ARE PLUMBING
ACCESSORIES?

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WHAT IS A PLUMBING APPLIANCE?

Plumbing Appliance is any

one of a special class of
device or equipment intended
to perform a special plumbing
function. Its operation and/or
control may be dependent
upon one or more energized
components such as motors,
controls, heating elements and
pressure – temperature –
sensing elements.

41
WHAT IS A PLUMBING
APPURTENANCE?
Plumbing Appurtenance is a
manufactured devise or a prefabricated
assembly or on-the-job assembly of
component parts, and serves as adjunct to
the basic piping system & plumbing
fixtures. It demands no additional water
supply nor does it add any discharge load to
a fixture or the drainage system. It
performs some useful functions in the
operation, maintenance, servicing, economy
or safety of the plumbing system.

42
FIXTURE TRAPS
Fixture Trap is a fitting or device that provide a liquid seal that will prevent
the back passage of air without materially affecting the flow of sewage or
waste water through it.

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FIXTURE TRAPS
Siphonage
The possible siphoning of water out the trap is a major importance. Two kinds
of siphonage are Induced Siphonage and Self-siphonage.

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FIXTURE TRAPS
Siphonage

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INTERCEPTING FIXTURE TRAPS
Grease Interceptors
The American Society of Plumbing Engineers defines a grease interceptor as an
automatic or manual devised used to separate and retain grease.

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MINIMUM SIZE OF TRAP FOR
PLUMBING FIXTURES

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 PLUMBING FIXTURES:
CLEARANCES,ROUGHIN
G-IN
DIMENSIONS AND
FIXTURE UNIT VALUES
(DFU) (WSFU)

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WATER CLOSET

Section 401
Water closet bowls for public use 750 mm 762 mm
shall be the elongated bowl types 375 mm

equipped with open-front seats.

1524 mm
457 mm
457 mm

219.9
ROUGHING-IN - the installation 600 mm 600 mm
381 mm
of all pipings and fitting parts of 300 mm
the plumbing system, which can
be completed prior to the
installation of fixtures and
accessories. These include
sanitary and storm drainage, tap, 457 mm
hot and chilled water supplies, gas
pipings, vent pipings and the
necessary fixture supports.

CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS
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 300 mm

750 MM
375 MM

457 MM

206 mm
150 mm
300 mm

206 mm
ROUGHING-IN FOR WATER
CLOSET

50
WATER CLOSET ROUGHING-IN

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ANATOMY OF A
WATERCLOSET

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53
54
FLOOR DRAINS SHOWER RECEPTORS
409.1 409.2
Floor drains shall be considered Shower receptors are plumbing fixtures.
plumbing fixtures.

409.3
Each shower receptor shall be an approved type and be
constructed to have a finish dam, curb or threshold which is at
least 25.4 mm lower than the outside floor at the sides and
back of such receptor. In no case shall any dam or threshold
be less than 51 mm nor more than 228 mm in depth when
measured from the top of the dam or threshold to the drain.
The finished floor of the receptor shall slope uniformly from
the sides towards the drain not less than 2% or 20mm/m or
more than 4% or 40mm/m. Thresholds shall be of sufficient
width to accommodate a minimum 559mm wide door.

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SHOWER / BATH TUB

56
PLUMBING ACCESSORIES

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TOILET FOR THE DISABLED

58
SHOWER FOR THE DISABLED

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TOILET / POWDER ROOM PLAN

TWO FIXTURE PLAN:

PARALLEL

TWO FIXTURE PLAN:

ACROSS 60
TOILET AND BATH PLAN

THREE FIXTURE PLAN: OPEN

TYPE

THREE FIXTURE
PLAN:
COMPARTMENT 61
MINIMUM SIZE OF FIXTURE
SUPPLY
The table shows the minimum supply pipe diameters, according to the
National Standard Plumbing Code:

62
FLOW IN HORIZONTAL
DRAINAGE PIPING

Many formulas have been developed for determining the velocity of

uniform flow in sloping drains. The one that has become the most
popular in the solving of plumbing problems is the Manning Formula,
first proposed by Robert Manning in 1980. Its form in the metric
sysemt is simpler, but converting to the English System, the formula
takes the following form:

63
FLOW IN HORIZONTAL
DRAINAGE PIPING

The quantity rate of flow is equal to the cross-sectional area of flows

times the velocity of flow. This can be expressed as

By substituting the value of V from Manning’s formula, we obtain

64
FLOW IN HORIZONTAL
DRAINAGE PIPING

The hydraulic mean depth of flow (R) called the “ hydraulics radius”,
is the ration of the cross-sectional area of flow to the wetted perimeter
of the pipe surface.
Example: What is the Hydraulic Radius for
the half full flow conditions?

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DRAINAGE SYSTEM SIZING

The rate of flow in a fixture drain should be the same as the rate of
flow discharges at the fixture outlet. The flow from the fixture outlet
is comparable to flow from a water supply orifice discharging under
the flow pressure. For fixture, the orifice can be taken as the minimum
diameter of the waste outlet and the flow pressure is equivalent to the
height of water above that minimum diameter.
The average rate of flow from a fixture can be expressed fairly
accurately by the formula

66
WHAT IS A PLUMBING UNIT?

Plumbing Unit is a minimum standard quantity of

plumbing fixtures that discharges waste into a plumbing
installation, including:
-1 Water Meter* - 1 Kitchen Sink
-1 Water Closet - 1 Laundry Tray
-1 Lavatory - 3 Floor Drains
-1 Shower Head & - 4 Faucets or
Drain for a Bathtub
Hose Bibb or Shower
Stall
67
PLUMBING
UNIT

DANILO V. RAVINA 68
FIXTURE UNIT

207.8
FIXTURE UNIT is an arbitrary quantity in terms
of which the load-producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per minute
(1 cubic feet per minute) or (7.5 gpm).

DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT (DFU) is a

numerical weighing factor to account for the
probable discharge into the plumbing drainage
system by various types of plumbing fixtures, using
the single lavatory as equivalent to 1 DFU.

WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) is a

numerical weighing factor to account for the water
demand of various plumbing fixtures, using the
lavatory for private use as equivalent to 1 WSFU.
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DRAINAGE FIXTURE UNIT VALUES FOR
VARIOUS TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES

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Problem:
Given a sanitary system, determine the fixture unit values to be obtained from table 6-2.

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 *MAXIMUM FIXTURE UNIT LOADING AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF
EXCRETA DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPING

*THESE
FIGURES
ARE
FOUND IN
TABLE 7-5
OF THE
NPC ON
PAGE 88.

NOTES:
1. Excluding trap arm
2. Except sinks, urinals and dishwashers.
3. Except 6 fixture unit traps or water closets.
4. Only four (4) water closet or 6 fixture unit traps are allowed on any vertical pipe or stack, and not
to exceed three (3) water closets or six (6) fixture unit traps on any horizontal branch or drain.
5. Based on 2% or 20.9 mm/m slope. For one (1) percent or 10.4mm/m slope, multiply horizontal
fixture units by a factor of 0.80.
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WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
EQUIVALENT *WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (WSFU)
Number of Water Supply Fixture Units
(WSFU)
Type of Fixture Private Use Public Use

Bar Sink 1 2

Bathtub (with or without Shower over) 2 4

Bidet 2 4
Drinking Fountain (each faucet) 1 2
Hose Bibb 3 5
Laundry Tub or Clothes Washer 2 4
Lavatory 1 2
Shower (each head) 2 4
Sink (kitchen) or dishwasher 2 4
Urinal (wall or stall type) - 5
Water Closet – Flush Tank 3 5
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 19mm 3 6
Water Closet – Flush Valve: 25mm 6 10
*Water Supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) – is a numerical weighing factor to account for the water demand of various
plumbing fixtures, using the lavatory (for private use) as 1 WSFU. It is just an index number meant to put all fixtures
on a common basis. 73
ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS

LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY FIXTURE SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second

1 3.0 0.19 60 32.0 2.02

2 5.0 0.32 70 35.0 2.21
3 6.5 0.41 80 38.0 2.40
4 8.0 0.51 90 41.0 2.59
5 9.4 0.59 100 43.5 2.74
6 10.7 0.68 120 48.0 3.03
7 11.8 0.74 140 52.5 3.31
8 12.8 0.81 160 57.0 3.60
9 13.7 0.86 180 61.0 3.85
10 14.6 0.92 200 65.0 4.10
12 16.0 1.01 250 75.0 4.73
14 17.0 1.07 300 85.0 5.36
16 18.0 1.14 400 105.0 6.62
18 18.8 1.19 500 124.0 7.82
20 19.6 1.24 750 170.0 10.73
25 21.5 1.36 1000 208.0 13.12
30 23.3 1.47 1250 239.0 15.08
35 24.9 1.57 1500 269.0 16.97
40 26.3 1.66 2000 325.0 20.50
45 27.7 1.76 2500 380.0 23.97
50 29.1 1.84 3000 433.0
74 27.32
TABLE 2B. ESTIMATING WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES

LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND LOAD IN WATER WATER DEMAND

SUPPLY FIXTURE SUPPLY FIXTURE
UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second UNITS (WSFU) Gallon per minute Liter per second

1 - - 60 54.0 3.41
2 - - 70 58.0 3.66
3 - - 80 61.2 3.86
4 - - 90 64.3 4.06
5 15.0 0.95 100 67.5 4.26
6 17.4 1.10 120 73.0 4.61
7 19.8 1.25 140 77.0 4.86
8 22.2 1.40 160 81.0 5.11
9 24.6 1.55 180 85.5 5.39
10 27.0 1.70 200 90.0 5.68
12 28.6 1.80 250 101.0 6.37

14 30.2 1.91 300 108.0 6.81

16 31.8 2.01 400 127.0 8.01
18 33.4 2.11 500 143.0 9.02
20 35.0 2.21 750 177.0 11.17
25 38.0 2.40 1000 208.0 13.12
30 42.0 2.65 1250 239.0 15.08
35 44.0 2.78 1500 269.0 16.97
40 46.0 2.90 2000 325.0 20.50
45 48.0 3.03 2500 380.0 23.97
50 50.0 3.15 3000 75
433.0 27.32
REFERENCES:

1. “Plumbing Fixtures” by Engr. Danilo V. Ravina from

www.scribd.com

2. “Engineered Plumbing Design” by A. Calvin Laws, P.E., CPD

76
THANK YOU.
END OF
PRESENTATI
ON.

DANILO V. RAVINA 77