GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHICAL

FEATURES, CHARTS AND MAPS.

SPACE, MOVEMENTS, POSITION,
DISTANCE AND DIMENSIONS
 Jeppesen
- is an American company that specializes in aeronautical charting and navigation services,
flight planning, pilot supplies and aviation training.

 The company was founded in 1934 by Elrey Borge Jeppesen.

 On October 2, 2000, Jeppesen was acquired by The Boeing

Company.
 MAPS AND PROJECTIONS

Map is:

- A picture of location of any place of the Earth’s surface in relationship with each other.

Projections are:

- The ways of transferring an image of the curved surface of the Earth onto a flat map surface.
 MAPS AND PROJECTIONS
Types of projections:

Conformal (the most common type in Equivalent

aviation)  Preserves area but size, shape, distance,
 accurately preserves distance and and/or direction suffer
direction while distorting the size and
shape
 MAPS AND PROJECTIONS
Types of projections:

A polar (either the north of

A cylindrical (the surface of the globe is south pole forms the center
transferred to a cylinder) from which meridians radiate
as straight lines)
A conical (the surface of the
globe is transferred to a
cone)
 AERONAUTICAL CHART
- is a map designed to assist in navigation of aircraft;

- is a representation of a portion of the Earth, its culture and relief, specifically designated to meet the
requirements of air navigation.
 AERONAUTICAL CHART

Consists of:

 Topographic features

 Hazards and obstructions

 Navigation aids

 Navigation routes

 Designated airspace

 Airports
 AERONAUTICAL CHART
Classification of Aeronautical Charts:

1. Charts for visual flight rules 2. Charts for instrument flight rules (IFR):
(VFR):

pilots are expected to see and the use of artificial aids to navigation, under the
avoid dangers along the way control of an air traffic controller, usually based
(obstacles, other aircraft, bad upon a flight plan.
weather, etc), and to use pilotage
and other means for navigating.
 ICAO Standard Chart

 Standard Departure Chart – Instrument (SID)

 Standard Arrival Chart – Instrument (STAR)
 Precision Approach Terrain Chart
 Instrument Approach Chart
 Visual Approach Chart
 Aerodrome/Heliport Chart
 Aerodrome Ground Movement Chart
 Aircraft Parking/Docking Chart
 Aeronautical Navigation Chart
 Plotting Chart (Карта для прокладывания курса)
 Electronic Aeronautical Chart Display
 Radar Minimum Altitude Chart
 SID - Standard Instrument Departure
What is a Standard Instrument Departure (SID) route?
The (Standard) Departure route is a (published) special route to be followed from departure towards the SID
point.
That SID point is the end of the described departure route and in fact the beginning of the flightplan route.
One may say the departure route is the route that leads to the exit of the departure area, whcih normally is the
Terminal Control Area (TMA).
The name of the SID point is a normally used as well to identify and to name that departure route.
e.g. "DEGES 1 W departure", then DEGES 1 W is the name of the departure route, the exit point is DEGES
intersection.
General
There are many different Standard Instrument Departure routes (SID) possible at one airfield.
Each runway has its different SIDs into different directions of departure. It all depends on in which direction
the aircraft have to go.
So, it depends on the runway in use and it depends on the filed flightplan route.
example of R/W 28 in LSZH (Zürich), Switserland:
 Procedure
A standard instrument departure procedure consists of following
a number of waypoints or fixes. These may either be given by
their longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates or may be radio
beacons such as VOR or NDB or as radial/distance. It may also
include a climb profile, instructing the pilot to cross certain points
at or above a certain altitude.
A SID procedure ends at a waypoint that is on an airway so that
the pilot will follow it from there.
SID procedures are designed by the local authorities to ensure
safety and expedite handling of departing traffic and - when
possible - to minimize the amount of noise over inhabited areas
such as cities.

example (see chart example here above):

 STAR - STandard instrument ARrival
Standard Instrument Arrival Route
A standard instrument arrival route or STAR usually covers the phase of a flight that lies between the top of descent
from cruise or en-route flight and the final approach to a runway for landing.
Normally that final approach starts at the so-called Initial apporach Fix (IAF).
A typical STAR consists of a set of starting points, called transitions, and a description of routes (typically via
waypoints) from each of these transitions to a point close to the destination airport.
There the aircraft can join an instrument approach (IAP) or will be vectored for a final approach by the APP control.
It should be noted that not all airports have published STARs. However, most relatively large or not easily accessible
(for example, in the mountainous area) airports do. Sometimes several airports in the same area share a single STAR;
in such case, aircraft destined for any of the airports in such group follow the same arrival route up until reaching the
final waypoint, after which they join approaches for their respective destination airports.
example of Barcelona (LECB) airport:
description:CASPE FOUR TANGO ARRIVAL (CASPE4T) ; Traffic arriving from: W/UW-800, LEZG ; CASPE -
DVOR/DME VLA - DVOR/DME SLL (IAF)
HOW TO READ SIDs AND STARs IS EXPLAINED IN THIS VIDEO:
STAR - STandard instrument ARrival
Not all STARs are for IFR flights. Occasionally
STARs are published for visual approaches, in which
case they use specific visible landmarks on the
ground and other visual reference points instead of
waypoints or radio navigation aids.
STARs can be very detailed (as is often the case in
Europe), allowing pilots to go from descent to
approach entirely on their own once ATC has cleared
them for the arrival, or they can be more general (as
is often the case in the United States), providing
guidance to the pilot which is then supplemented by
instructions from ATC.