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Discrete Mathematics

Mathematics

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64 views12 pages

Discrete Mathematics

Mathematics

Uploaded by

loarifse16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Mathematics

Introduction
So Why Discrete Math?

● As a way to get introduced to proof based mathematics!


● A mathematical basis for most areas of computer science
○ Artificial Intelligence (ML, logic, KR&R, automated theorem proving)
○ compilers,programming languages theory, computability
○ Formal verification, Cryptography, Distributed systems

● And many more fields within Computing depend on concepts from discrete math!
● Very different from the math you are used to ( highschool math, calculus,...)
Administrivia - Outline

● Even though there are a lot of applications of Discrete math….


● We will mainly focus on writing mathematical proofs about different discrete
structures. The mathematical foundations!
● We will mostly cover the chapters from Kenneth Rosen’s Discrete Mathematics book,
topics include:
○ logic, formal & informal proofs
○ sets & functions
○ number theory, modular arithmetic, congruences
○ induction & recursion
○ combinatorics & discrete probability
○ basic graph theory
Computer Game Playing
● Computer game playing is
one interesting area in which
concepts from discrete math
are applied to.
Kasparov
Vs
DeepBlue (a chess program)
General Game Playing
● Playing one game is one thing, and
is hard by itself but how about…
● playing any arbitrary game
supplied?!
● One way to do this is to use Formal
Logic and Automated Reasoning.
DEMO - GGP
The foundations
Before we begin doing maths, let’s ask this question….

What is mathematics?
- There are a lot of opinions about this (the logicist view, the platonist, the
intuitionist…)
- Let’s consider one that might be helpful
- The formalist view:
- Meaningless manipulation of symbols according to some specific and precise rules.
- {P, P->Q} |= Q
- You can “go” from the symbols on the left to the symbol on the right of ‘|=’
Proofs
A proof is a method of establishing truth. This is done in many different ways in everyday

life:
- Jury trial: Truth is ascertained by twelve people selected at random.
- Word of God: Truth is ascertained by communication with God, perhaps via a third party.
- Experimental science: The truth is guessed and the hypothesis is confirmed or refuted by experiments.
- Sampling: The truth is obtained by statistical analysis of many bits of evidence. For example, public
opinion is obtained by polling only a representative sample.
- Inner conviction: “My program is perfect. I know this to be true.”
- “I don‘t see why not...”: Claim something is true and then shift the burden of proof to anyone who
disagrees with you.
- Intimidation: Truth is asserted by someone with whom disagreement seems unwise. (e.g. your
government.)
(informal) Proofs
- Mathematics has its own way of asserting truth. We use mathematical proofs to
establish truth.
- A Mathematical proof: is a verification of a proposition by a chain of logical
deductions from a base set of axioms.
- A bit of terminology:
- A proposition: is a statement that is either true or false.
- 2+3=5
- It is raining outside.
- For all natural numbers, n, we have n 2 + n + 41 is a prime number.
- Let’s try to do it exhaustively
(informal) Proofs continued…
- An axiom: is a set of propositions assumed to be true without any proof. (Somehow
arbitrary)
- logical deductions (inference rules): are used to combine axioms and true
propositions in order to form more true propositions. (e.g Modus ponens)
- A theorem: is a statement that can be shown to be true.
- We have mainly two types of proofs.
- Formal Proofs: Which are symbolic, computer checkable, and very rigorous proofs.
- Informal Proofs: What we will mostly be using, and what most mathematicians use. A mixture of
symbolism and english words.
An excerpt
from principia
mathematica

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